Exam 1- Endocrine System

Oxytocin

Stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk " let down", bonding hormone

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Increases blood volume and blood pressure by promoting water reabsortion and less urine output

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

stimulates release of GH (growth hormone) from the anterior putuitary gland

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

stimulates release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland

TRH (thryroid releasing hormone)

stimulates release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

stimulates release of FSH/LH from the anterior pituitary gland

Melatonin (pineal gland)

levels rise at night to help promote sleep

GH (growth hormone)

anabolic hormone that promotes growth of tissues like bone, muscle, and cartilage

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

stimulates release of glucocorticoids and androgens from the adrenal cotex

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

stimulates release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland; promotes growth of the thyroid gland

Prolactin

promotes milk production

Estadiol

Females: stimulates development of the ovarian follicle

Males: important in sperm production

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Females: triggers ovulation

Males: promotes testosterone production

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Raises blood calcium stimulating osteoclasts/inhib-iting osteoblasts and decreasing calcium loss in the urine

T3, T4

Increases the body's metabolic rate and heat produc-tion; increases nutrient availability to support increase metabolic rate; necessary for fetal nervous system de-velopment; increases heart rate and breathing rate

Calcitonin

Decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts

Cortisol

Known as the "stress hormone" —important in the body's stress response

Aldosterone

Increases BV, BP by promoting Na+/H20 reabsorption into the blood; promotes K+ excretion in urine

Epinephrine

Mediates (along with NE) the effects of the SNS

Calcitriol

VitD: promotes dietary calcium absorption from the small intestine to raise blood calcium

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Promotes red blood cell production; increases oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose and fatty acid levels

Insulin

An anabolic hormone: promotes uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, thus lowering blood glucose; promotes storage of nutrients and protein synthesis.

Two main organs that maintain homeostasis

-nervous systen

-endocrine system

What is the endocrine system?

organ system made of organs / tissues that release hormones into the bloodstream

Target cells

cells capable of responding to a hormone because they have the specific receptors for that hormone

Signaling molecules

molecules that bind to the receptors and carry a signal to the target cell

When are hormones released?

when needed to maintain homeostasis

3 things that cause hormones to be released?

- Other hormones

- Humoral factors: Chemicals in your blood

- Nervous system

Negative feedback

attempts to return a variable to its set point

Positive feedback

makes a change in the variable bigger and bigger( is not homeostatic)

Hypothalamus

controls both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland connections

hypothalamic - hypopyseal portal system (HH tract)

GHRH target cell:

Somatropes

TRH target cell:

Thyrotrpoes

CRH target cell:

corticotropes

PIH target cell:

mammotropes

GnRH target cell:

Gonaditropes

BONUS

dogs name is finn and he plays in the snow and he has snow balls inbetween his toes

BONUS

sons middle name is david

BONUS

favorite book: How fletched was Hatched

Hypothalamus Problem

A↓ B↓ C↓

No stimulation from above leads to low pituitary and low target hormone.

Pituitary Tumor

A↓ B↑ C↑

Functional tumor secrets excess B, stimulating C to be high. High B/C suppresses A.

Pituitary Failure

A↑ B↓ C ↓

Pituitary cannot respond to high stimulation (A), so B and C are low.

Endocrine Gland Tumor

A↓ B↓ C↑

Tumor secreting C suppresses B and A via negative feedback.

Endocrine Gland Failure

A↑ B↑ C↓

Low C means no feedback suppression, allowing A and B to rise to compensate.

what hormones travel in the HH Tract?

Oxytocin and ADH

Both made in Hypothalamus where they are stored and then released from

What scenarios/conditions would stimulate the release of ADH?

Increased blood osmolarity

-Dehydration

-Not drinking enough water

-Excessive sweating

-High salt intake

Decreased blood volume

-Hemorrhage

-Severe dehydration

-Diarrhea or vomiting

-Major fluid loss

Decreased blood pressure

-Shock

-Significant blood loss

-Severe hypotension

Where would ADH receptors be located (where is its target tissue)?

Where would ADH receptors be located (where is its target tissue)?

isotonic plasma osmolality

Normal plasma osmolarity:~

300 mOsm/kg

Hypertonic plasma

Osmolarity: 300+ mOsm/kg

-Blood is too concentrated

-Not enough water relative to solutes

-ADH SHOULD be released ↑ -Kidneys reabsorb more water

-Urine becomes concentrated

Hypotonic plasma

Osmolarity: < 275 mOsm/kg

Blood is too dilute

Too much water relative to solutes

ADH SHOULD be suppress↓Kidneys excrete more water➡️ Urine becomes dilute

When is ADH released?

ADH is released when plasma becomes hypertonic (>295 mOsm/kg) and is inhibited when plasma is hypotonic (<275 mOsm/kg).

What would a person experience if they can’t release ADH?? 

Inability to release ADH causes central diabetes insipidus, leading to polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, and hypertonic plasma.

hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal system is accosiated with which hormones?

Anterior pituitary glansd hormones

hypophyseal-hypothalamic tract is accosiated with which hormones?

Posterior/ hypothalamus hormones

Causes of the two types of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 DM: Caused by the immune system destroying pancreatic beta cells, so little or no insulin is made.

Type 2 DM: Caused by insulin resistance and reduced insulin effectiveness, often linked to obesity and genetics.

Treatments for the two types of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 DM: Treated with lifelong insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and diet control.

Type 2 DM: Treated with diet and exercise, oral medications, and insulin if needed.

Complications of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 DM: Includes hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and long-term nerve, kidney, and eye damage.

Type 2 DM: Includes high blood sugar, heart disease, and long-term nerve, kidney, and eye damage.

relative prevelance of each type of diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes makes up about 5–10% of cases, Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90–95%.

Cause of polyuria in diabetes mellitus

Polyuria in diabetes mellitus is caused by high blood glucose leading to glucose in the urine, which pulls water into the urine.

Cause of polyuria in diabetes insipidus

Polyuria in diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH or the kidneys not responding to ADH, so water is not reabsorbed.

Difference between polyuria in DM vs DI

DM causes polyuria due to glucose pulling water into urine, while DI causes polyuria due to lack of ADH action.