innate & immune system overview

innate immunity

immunity made up the surface barriers and internal defenses; block & contain the infection

adaptive immunity (aka specific immunity)

immune system made up of humoral immunity and cellular immunity; specifically and effectively destroy the invader via lymphocytes

characteristics of innate immunity

non-specific, attacks all foreign invaders, no memory, causes fever and inflammation, uses phagocytosis, natural killer cells, and antimicrobial cells

characteristics of adaptive immunity

specific defenses for each invader, usually needs multiple exposures to build up defenses, uses cytotoxic T cells and antibodies to fight, uses B cells to build up immunity and make antibodies

antigens

substance that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response

self antigens

how the immune system distinguishes self from non-self; id badges

MHC I

proteins expressed on all cells (besides RBC) that display antigen fragments to cytotoxic t-cells to help distinguish self from nonself; passport

MHC II

protein expressed on immune “antigen presenting” cells to help cytotoxic t-cells distinguish self from nonself; law enforcement ID

antibodies

immunoglobin protein made by b cells in response to an antigen; binds to antigens and inactivates it or destroys it

y shaped, adaptive

what is the structure and category of antibodies?

T lymphocytes (T cells)

adaptive immunity cell produced in the bone marrow that recognizes antigens with MHC proteins and activates immune responses if needed

Helper T cell

first t-cell to be activated, activates the others

cytotoxic t cell/killer t cell

programmed t cell to look for invader; directly binds to and kills antigens

regulatory t cell

t cell that limits immune response

memory t cell

t cell in charge of “remembering” specific antigens previously encountered by the body, allowing for a faster and more effective immune response

b lymphocytes (b cells)

adaptive lymphocyte made & matured in the bone marrow, produces antibodies

plasma cell

activated from of a b cell

introduce weakened virus to b cells so it can make antibodies against it

what is the vaccine method?

neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells

innate immune system cells

b cell, helper t cell, cytotoxic t cell, memory t cell, regulator t cell

adaptive immune system cells

keratinized cells of skin, oils on skin, mucous membranes (nose, mouth, digestive, urinary, reproductive)

innate immune system defenses (first line of)

takes over host’s cells’ metabollic machinery to reproduce themselves

how does a virus infect?

interferons

released by a cell when infected, stimulates other cells to produce virus blocking proteins

complement proteins

normally circulated proteins that are activated by immune cells or antigens, form pore in an infected cell to cause cell lysis, stimulates other immune cells

heat, redness, pain & swelling; possible impairment of functioning

4 signs of inflammation; 5?

histamine release, reddness and pain, vasodilation, increased phagoycyte migration (chemotaxis), fibrin formation, pus formation

stages of inflammation

chemotaxis

chemicals in an area attract neutrophils and macrophages

cell contents binding to nociceptors, pressure from swelling, vasodilation, and chemotaxis

which of the following lead to pain?

pyrogens

chemicals released by microbes, macrophages, and neutrophils that increase the set point of hypothalamus; heat up body to kill microbes—fevers are good?

can lead to febrile seizure if not taken care of

why are fevers dangerous in children?