APUSH: Unit 6 - Key Terms

"Bull Moose" party

Formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, this progressive party aimed to address social and economic issues.

"Great Migration"

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to urban areas in the North between 1916 and 1970.

"Open Door" policy

A diplomatic concept in the early 20th century advocating for equal trading opportunities for all nations in China.

"The White Man's Burden"

A poem by Rudyard Kipling expressing the idea that it is the duty of Western nations to bring civilization to less developed societies.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A naval historian and strategist whose writings influenced the development of naval policies, emphasizing the importance of sea power.

Alice Paul

A suffragist and women's rights activist, instrumental in the campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. military forces sent to Europe during World War I under the command of General John J. Pershing.

Anti-Imperialist League

A group opposing the expansion of American influence overseas, particularly in the context of the Spanish-American War.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, aimed at expelling foreign influences and restoring Chinese rule.

Central Powers

The coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Cuban Revolt

A series of uprisings in Cuba against Spanish colonial rule, gaining momentum in the late 19th century and leading to the Spanish-American War.

Dollar Diplomacy

U.S. foreign policy during the early 20th century that emphasized economic influence and investment in Latin America and East Asia.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement, co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Emilio Aguinaldo

A Filipino leader who played a key role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule and later in the Philippine-American War.

Eugene Debs

A socialist leader and five-time presidential candidate, known for his advocacy of workers' rights and opposition to war.

Eugenics

The study and promotion of practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of the human population.

Father John Ryan

A Catholic priest and social reformer advocating for social justice and workers' rights in the early 20th century.

Federal Reserve Act

Legislation passed in 1913 that established the Federal Reserve System to regulate the U.S. money supply and banking.

Foraker Act

Legislation in 1900 that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico and outlined its relationship with the United States.

Hawaii

Acquired by the United States in 1898, Hawaii became a territory and later a state, significant for its strategic location in the Pacific.

Hull House

A settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago, providing social services and advocating for social reform.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraking journalist known for her investigations into the practices of the Standard Oil Company.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's influence and control over other countries through economic, political, or military means.

Insular Cases

Legal decisions in the early 20th century that determined the constitutional status of U.S. territories acquired during the Spanish-American War.

Interstate Commerce Act

Enacted in 1887, this legislation aimed to regulate the railroad industry and ensure fair business practices.

IWW ("Wobblies")

The Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor union advocating for the rights of industrial workers.

Jacob Coxey

A figure known for leading a march on Washington in 1894 to address economic issues, advocating for government intervention in the face of unemployment.

Jane Addams

A social reformer and founder of Hull House, involved in various social and political causes in the early 20th century.

Jones Act

Legislation in 1917 granting U.S. citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico and outlining their political status.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations.

Lincoln Steffens

A muckraking journalist known for his investigations into political corruption in the early 20th century.

Louis Brandeis

A jurist and progressive reformer, appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court, known for his advocacy of social and economic reforms.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, contributing to the United States' entry into World War I.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican-born leader of the Pan-African movement, advocating for black economic empowerment and a "Back to Africa" campaign.

Mary E. Lease

A prominent advocate for populist causes during the late 19th century, known for her powerful speeches and championing the interests of farmers.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers who exposed social and political issues in the early 20th century, contributing to reform efforts.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization advocating for civil rights.

NAWSA

The National American Woman Suffrage Association, a key organization in the women's suffrage movement.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy agenda, emphasizing antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive political platform, advocating for social and economic reforms.

New Woman

A term in the late 19th and early 20th centuries describing a modern, independent, and socially active woman.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

Palmer raids

Government actions in the early 1920s led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport individuals suspected of radical activities.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary leader involved in conflicts during the Mexican Revolution and tensions with the United States.

Panic of 1893

A severe economic depression marked by bank failures, unemployment, and a decline in industrial production during the late 19th century.

Panic of 1907

A financial crisis marked by a stock market crash and bank failures, leading to the establishment of the Federal Reserve.

People's (Populist) Party

A political party formed in the late 19th century, representing the interests of farmers and advocating for economic reforms.

Philippines

Acquired by the United States from Spain in 1898, the Philippines became a focal point of the Philippine-American War and U.S. colonial rule.

Platt Amendment

Legislation in 1901 defining the conditions for U.S. withdrawal from Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Prohibition

The period during which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned in the United States.

Puerto Rico

Acquired by the United States in 1898, Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory with a unique political status.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Legislation passed in 1906 to regulate the labeling and safety of food and pharmaceuticals.

Red Scare

Periods of intense anti-communist sentiment and fear of radical ideologies, particularly in the United States during the early 20th century.

Referendum

A process allowing voters to approve or reject proposed laws or constitutional amendments.

Robert La Follette

A progressive politician and reformer known for his advocacy of direct democracy and workers' rights.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the right of the United States to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, gaining fame for its role in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Rudyard Kipling

A British author known for his poem "The White Man's Burden," which expressed the idea of a moral duty for Western nations to civilize and uplift other cultures.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists executed in 1927 after a controversial trial, symbolizing issues of immigration and prejudice in the U.S. legal system.

Schenck v. U.S.

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 that upheld limitations on free speech during times of war or danger.

Settlement houses

Community centers providing social services and support to immigrants and the urban poor in the late 19th and early 20

Sherman Antitrust Act

Legislation enacted in 1890 to curb the power of large monopolistic corporations and promote fair competition in the marketplace.

Sierra Club

An environmental organization founded in 1892, dedicated to the conservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that applied Christian ethics to social issues, advocating for social justice and reform.

Social work

A profession focused on helping individuals and communities address various social challenges and improve their well-being.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 between the United States and Spain, arising from tensions over Cuba and leading to U.S. acquisition of territories.

Tammany Hall

A Democratic political machine in New York City known for its influence in city politics and its role in shaping local policies.

The Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I plan for peace, promoting principles such as self-determination and the League of Nations.

The Maine

The U.S. battleship whose explosion in Havana harbor in 1898 played a role in the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany and contributing to geopolitical tensions.

Trench warfare

A type of warfare characterized by fortified positions and complex networks of trenches, prevalent during World War I.

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire

A tragic industrial fire in 1911 that led to significant reforms in workplace safety and labor regulations.

Triple Alliance

A pre-World War I military alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente

A pre-World War I military alliance consisting of France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

Venezuelan dispute

A diplomatic crisis in 1895 involving the United States, Britain, and Venezuela over territorial boundaries in South America.

W.E.B. Du Bois

A prominent African American intellectual, sociologist, and civil rights activist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

A women's organization advocating for temperance and social reforms, particularly related to alcohol consumption.

Western progressives

Reform-minded individuals in the western United States advocating for political and social changes during the Progressive Era.

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States, known for his emphasis on trust-busting and promoting peace diplomacy.

William Jennings Bryan

A charismatic politician and orator, known for his populist and anti-imperialist stance, notably represented the Democratic Party in the 1896 presidential election.

William McKinley

The 25th President of the United States, known for his leadership during the Spanish-American War and his advocacy for protective tariffs.

William Randolph Hearst

A newspaper publisher associated with yellow journalism, known for sensationalized reporting and competing with Joseph Pulitzer.

Women's club movement

A late 19th and early 20th-century movement where women formed clubs to address social issues, promote education, and engage in civic activities.

Yellow journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated reporting in newspapers, particularly associated with William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

Zimmerman Telegram

A diplomatic communication intercepted in 1917, revealing Germany's proposal of a military alliance with Mexico against the United States.