Studied by 2 people
who was secretary of state?
John Foster Dulles
who was head of the CIA?
Allen Dulles
who was vice president?
Richard Nixon
who was the leader of the Soviet Union?
Nikita Khrushchev
during which years was Eisenhower president?
1953-1961
what political party did Eisenhower belong to?
republican
what had Eisenhower been before becoming president?
an army general
which pivotal ww2 battle had Eisenhower been in charge of?
D-Day
what was the name of Eisenhower’s foreign policy as a whole?
the “new look”
how long did it take Eisenhower to stop the Korean War (once he’d become president)?
6 months
what kind of response did Eisenhower believe in?
asymmetric response / massive nuclear retaliation
what was Eisenhower’s policy surrounding communism?
rollback
did Eisenhower pursue rollback or containment regarding Korea?
containment
why did Eisenhower use nuclear weapons to threaten countries?
to keep a low budget / “more bang for your buck”
Which government organisation did Eisenhower use to carry out covert operations?
the CIA
what did Eisenhower refuse to send France during the Vietnam War?
bombers and atomic bombs
what kind of presidency was Eisenhower’s described as?
a “hidden hand presidency”
who called Eisenhower’s presidency the “hidden hand presidency”?
Fred I. Greenstein
what was the name of the two islands that China shelled during the First Taiwan Crisis?
Quemoy and Matsu
what is the other name for Taiwan?
Formosa
what were the CIA told to do in Iran?
organsie pro-shah riots
who did the CIA overthrow to put the Shah in power?
Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh
why did the US get involved in Iran?
to protect British oil from the Soviets
who called Eisenhower “devious in the best sense of the word”?
Richard Nixon, his vice-president
Who stated the weaknesses of the “hidden hand presidency”?
Arthur Schlesinger
What did Arthur Schlesinger claim the White House should be?
a place of moral leadership
what did Eisenhower say that the cost of one modern heavy bomber was?
“The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities”
what did Eisenhower say that the cost of one modern destroyer was?
“The cost of one modern destroyer is five fully equipped hospitals”
what did Eisenhower say about the dangers of an Arms race?
“under the cloud of threatening war is it humanity hanging from a cross of iron”
when was the ceasefire in Korea?
27th July 1953
when had covert CIA operations been useful for Eisenhower before?
whilst fighting against Hitler
who did the CIA put into power in Iran?
The Shah, Mohammed Raza
when was the coup in Iran?
19th August 1953
when did communist China start to shell two small islands?
late 1954
who controlled Quemoy and Matsu?
the nationalist Chinese on Formosa (Taiwan)
what 2 things did Eisenhower do to intimidate the Chinese?
staged military manoeuvres off the Chinese coast and tested nuclear weapons
what is the name for the risky policies that Eisenhower used?
brinkmanship
what was the name of the operation where Eisenhower showed his executive branch what they would do in the event of war?
Operation Alert
what did the West call the Soviets?
“world-wide communist conspiracy”
what is the name of Eisenhower’s proposal to the Soviets where they would be permitted to fly over one another’s countries
“open skies”
what was Khrushchev’s response to Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal?
“you are simply trying to look in our bedrooms”
who launched the world’s first satellite?
the USSR
what was the name of the USSR’s satellite?
sputnik
what was the term used to describe the difference in Soviet and American military capabilities?
the missile gap
what was the first US satellite officially called?
Vanguard TV-3
what was the first US satellite nicknamed?
flopnik / stayputnik / dudnik / oopsnik / kaputnik
what else did the Soviets launch before the Americans?
intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
how many months after the Soviets launched their ICBM did the USA do so?
5 months
who accused Eisenhower of spreading misinformation regarding the missile gap?
JFK (the next president)
what present did Khrushchev give Eisenhower when he visited the USA?
a miniature sputnik model
where did relations between the Soviets and the Americans improve?
Camp David
where did the first U2 spy plane fly to and when?
Kazhakstan (a Soviet satellite state) on 9th April
what is the name of the town which the U2 spy plane failed to photograph?
Plesetsk
who was the pilot of the U2 plane that was shot down?
Francis Gary Powers
where did Powers take off from?
Peshawar, Pakistan
on what day did the Soviets shoot down the U2 spy plane?
1st May
At first, what did Eisenhower claim the spy plane was?
a NASA weather plane that crashed in Turkey
who was Eisenhower’s press secretary?
James Hagerty
what did Khrushchev call Eisenhower?
“a dirty capitalist thief”
what was the White House described as (in relation to Eisenhower)?
“the tomb of the well-known soldier”
What city in 1953 had massive demonstrations that were staged against Soviet Domination?
East Berlin
In Latin America, what type of leader did the United States generally support?
right-wing dictators
Who was elected President of Guatemala in 1953?
Jacob Arbenz
What company was the largest landowner in Guatemala?
United Fruit Company
Who did the United States back in the military takeover of Guatemala?
Colonel Carlos Amas
What were countries called that did not choose to align themselves with U.S. or U.S.S.R.?
non-aligned states
What was the temporary division of Vietnam called?
the 17th parallel
What was the name of the leader the USA supported in the non-communist, southern portion of Vietnam?
Ngo Dinh Diem
In Eisenhower's farewell address what did he warn against?
the military-industrial complex
what was Eisenhower’s policy of dynamic conservatism?
prioritising social prospetrity over conservative ideals of government spending
why did some old guard republicans not like dynamic conservatism?
they were mainly anti-communist and preferred defence spending over welfare spending
what was Eisenhower’s saying about dynamic conservatism?
"conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings"
how many nuclear weapons did the US have by 1957?
5400
how many nuclear weapons did the USSR have by 1957?
650
when was the Suez crisis?
1956
how many of the vessels passing through the Suez canal were British?
3/4
what was the name of the Egyptian leader who nationalised the canal?
Abdul Nasser
Which project in Egypt did the US withdraw its funding for, starting the Suez crisis?
Aswan High Dam
when was the Eisenhower Doctrine created?
5th January 1957
what was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
a nation could request American economic aid from US military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression
what year was the Hungarian uprising?
1956
what was Eisenhower’s approval rating?
70%
what was the code-name for the Iranian coup?
Operation Ajax
what does SEATO stand for
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation
what did democrat Stevenson say about Eisenhower’s use of nuclear threats against China?
he criticised Eisenhower for “risking the third world for the defence of these little islands."
what was NORAD?
North American Aerospace Defence Command
when was NORAD founded?
1957
what did historian Joseph Jockels say about NORAD?
"The establishment of NORAD was a descion for which there was no precedent in Canadian history in that it granted in peacetime to a foreign representative operation control of an element of Canadian forces in Canada."
NORAD was a collaboration between which countries?
the United States and Canada
Note
Flashcard