Developmental Psych Chapter 17

Visual decline

Visual decline

________ can be traced to a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina.

African americans

________ have the lowest life expectancy, then non- latino whites, then latinos.

Night driving

________ is difficult because of diminishing sensitivity to contrasts and reduced tolerance for glare.

Substance abuse

________ often goes undetected in older adults- illicit and prescription drugs.

Glaucoma

________: involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye.

Sirtuins

________: family of proteins that have been linked to longevity, regulation of mitochondria functioning in energy, possible benefits of calorie restriction, stress resistance, etc etc.

external challenges

Allostasis: when faced with ________ such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes.

synaptic functioning

Reduced ________ and decreased production of some neurotransmitters.

Chronic diseases

________: those with a slow onset and a long duration.

Supercentenarian

________: applied to individuals who live to be 110.

Sensory regions

________ are less vulnerable to the aging process.

cognitive functioning

Hearing loss in older adults is linked to declining performance in activities of daily living, ________, and language.

small declines

Reductions in acetylcholine are linked to ________ in memory function and to the severe memory loss linked to alzheimers.

Neurogenesis

________ has only been documented in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb.

Cataracts

________: thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted.

Macular degeneration

________: deterioration of the macula of the retina.

Cancer

________ is leading case of death in US middle- aged adults.

cardiovascular disease

Decline in ________ has been attributed to improved drugs, decreased rates of smoking, improved diets, and increased exercise.

Brain activity

________ in the prefrontal cortex is lateralized less in older adults than in younger adults when they engage in cognitive tasks.

Obesity

________ is linked to the acceleration of diseases in many older adults.

mitochondria

Defects in ________ are linked w cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, parkinsons, diabetic kidney disease, and impaired liver functioning.

Allostatic load

________: a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity.

Calorie restriction

________ in lab animals can increase the animals longevity.

Diabetes

________ is a risk factor for the development of cataracts.

Long sleep duration

________ predicted an increase in all- cause mortality in individuals.

Low income

________ is strongly related to health problems in late adulthood.

Depth perception

________ typically declines in late adulthood.

older adults

Age of ________ is important in determining the degree of decline.

medicine

Improvements in ________, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle have increased our life expectancy.

degenerative diseases

Women have more resistance to infections and ________.

life expectancies

Differences in ________ across countries reflect factors such as health conditions and medical care throughout the lifespan.

High levels of pain

________ were linked to memory impairment in older adults.

Benefits of moderate drinking

________: better physical well- being and mental performance, greater openness to social contacts, increased ability to assert mastery over ones life, greater volume in the brains hippocampus, reduced risk of cognitive impairment at 85.

Regular walking

________ decreases the onset of physical disability and reduces functional limitations in older adults.

Free radicals

________ ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

Decay

________ is caused by oxidative damage and loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell.

visual acuity

Declining ________, color vision, and depth perception are associated with aging.

Natural selection

________ has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults bc ________ is linked to reproductive fitness.

Theory

________: antioxidants counteract the cell damage caused by free radicals, which are produced both by the bodys metabolism and by environmental factors.

Sexual activity

________, a good- quality sexual life, and interest in sex were positively related to health in middle and late adulthood.

Risk

________ of falling in older adults increases with age and is greater for women than for men.

active life expectancy

Sexually ________ was longer for men than women.

Decline

________ in vision and hearing is much greater in individuals 75+ than in individuals 65- 74 yrs.

higher all cause mortality

Being overweight was associated with lower all- cause mortality but being obese was associated with ________.

Life span

________: maximum number of years an individual can live.

Brain volume loss

________ occurs in individuals with disorders such as alzheimers.

Dendritic growth

________ might compensate for the possible loss of neurons through the seventies but not through the nineties.

hormonal system

Aging in the bodys ________ can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

Lung capacity

________ drops 40 % between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.

Cognitive decline

________ was steepest in individuals with both visual and hearing problems.

life span

maximum number of years an individual can live

life expectancy

number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live

latino health paradox

latinos live 3.3 years longer than non-latino whites despite having lower educational attainment and income levels

Centenarians

individuals 100 years and older

supercentenarian

applied to individuals who live to be 110

young-old

65-84 yrs

oldest-old

85+

mostly female

widowed and live alone, if not institutionalized

functional age

persons ability to function

Evolutionary Theory of Aging

benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age

sirtuins

family of proteins that have been linked to longevity, regulation of mitochondria functioning in energy, possible benefits of calorie restriction, stress resistance, etc etc

mTOR pathway

cellular pathway that involves the regulation of growth and metabolism

allostasis

when faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes

allostatic load

a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity

neurogenesis

generation of new neurons

Cataracts

thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted

Glaucoma

involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye

Macular degeneration

deterioration of the macula of the retina

chronic diseases

those with a slow onset and a long duration

substance abuse often goes undetected in older adults

illicit and prescription drugs

late-onset alcoholism

onset of alcoholism after age 65

benefits of moderate drinking

better physical well-being and mental performance, greater openness to social contacts, increased ability to assert mastery over ones life, greater volume in the brains hippocampus, reduced risk of cognitive impairment at 85

strategies for increasing weight gain in women

use of taste enhancers and calorie supplements between meals

theory

antioxidants counteract the cell damage caused by free radicals, which are produced both by the bodys metabolism and by environmental factors