Hormones and Intracellular Signaling

Flashcards covering gland/tissue, hormone functions, and intracellular signaling mechanisms.

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate.

Calcitonin

Promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration.

Cortisol

Has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effects.

Aldosterone

Increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion.

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Same effects as sympathetic stimulation.

Insulin (beta cells)

Promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolism.

Glucagon (a cells)

Increases synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluids.

Parathyroid hormone

Controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones.

Testosterone

Promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics.

Estrogens

Promotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics.

Progesterone

Stimulates secretion of 'uterine milk' by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breasts.

Ion Channel-Linked Receptors

Receptors that are linked to ion channels and control their activity upon hormone binding.

G Protein-Linked Hormone Receptors

Receptors that activate G proteins, initiating intracellular signaling cascades.

Enzyme-Linked Hormone Receptors

Receptors that activate enzymes directly upon hormone binding, leading to downstream effects.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Angiotensin II (epithelial cells)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Calcitonin

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Catecholamines (ß receptors)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Glucagon

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Secretin

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Somatostatin

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

Vasopressin (V2 receptor, epithelial cells)

A hormone that uses the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system.

First messenger

Extracellular chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane.

Phospholipase C

Enzyme that converts PIP2 into DAG and IP3.

PIP2 Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate

Membrane component converted by phospholipase C into DAG and IP3.

DAG Diacylglycerol

Second messenger that remains in the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C.

IP3 Inositol trisphosphate

Second messenger that mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores.

Angiotensin II (vascular smooth muscle)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Catecholamines (a receptors)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Oxytocin

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Vasopressin (V₁ receptor, vascular smooth muscle)

A hormone that uses the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System.

Leptin

Hormone that binds to enzyme-linked receptors.