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Renaissance
the beginning, a new discovery of old knowledge
16th century catholic church
dominated European civilisation, both politically and religiously
Pope
the head of the church, considered the voice of God (had more authority than the bible)
The Bible
only in Latin and read by the priest (it was too sacred for a common person to read)
Catholic hierarchy
monks/nuns, priests, bishops, cardnials, pope
Rome
seat of power for the church and seen as the holy place
Monks
took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience to their leaders (required to perform manual labour and were forbidden to own property
Purgatory
the place of temporary punishment where, according to Catholic belief, souls go to work off their sins until they can reach heaven
Martin Luther
was studying to become a lawyer when he had a near death experience and pledged himself to God to become a monk, became a professor in Wittenburg and spread ideas through the printing press
Pope Leo X
aimed to rebuild St Peter’s Basilica, borrowed and spent money very freely causing a lot of debt causing him to sell indulgences to fund the project
Indulgences
pieces of paper signed by the Pope and could be bought to guarantee less time in purgatory for oneself or family member
Relics
pieces of religious paraphernalia which were supposed to grant you special access to God
John Tetzel
began his work as a friar and preacher, but sold indulgences through fear and exaggeration
95 Theses
a list of Martin Luther’s criticisms of the Church (including criticism of relics and the selling of indulgences)
Heresy
an idea that goes against the teaching of the Church (could get excommunicated)
Recant
to take back something said previously
Prince Frederick of Saxony
local prince who ruled the area that Martin Luther lived (funding Luther’s position at university)
Andreas Karlastad
a teacher of theology at Wittenburg university, a supporter of Luther
Johann Von Stauptiz
supporter of Luther, sent him to study the Bible in Wittenburg, protected Luther from the pope and encouraged him
Inquisition
a powerful and ruthless group set up by the medieval roman catholic church to find heretics and make them confess of recant
Girolamo Aleander
tasked with inquiring into Luther’s heresy and bringing him to trial
Cardinal Cajetan
tasked with inquiring into Luther’s heresy and bringing him to trial
Charles V
head of the Holy Roman Empire, in charge of Luther’s trial
Katharina von Bora
The wife of Martin Luther
Sola Gratia translation
Grace Alone
Sola Gratia definition
Salvation is all God’s initiative. We don’t ‘cooperate’ with God’s effort
Sola Christi translation
Christ alone
Sola Christi definition
Forgiveness can be found directly from Jesus. Don’t need to go through a priest or a church ritual
Sola Scriptura translation
Scripture alone
Sola Scriptura definition
The truth about God is found in the Bible which anyone can access. Church tradition and teaching should never contradict the Bible
Sola fide translation
Faith alone
Sola fide definition
Our response to God’s offer of salvation is to trust (’have faith’) in God’s promises. We don’t need to receive sacraments or participate in church rituals
Cardinal
a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church nominated by the pope
Saint
a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and regarded in Christian place as being in heaven after death
Justification
the action of declaring or making righteous in the sight of God
Transubstantiation
the change by which the substance of bread and wine becomes Christ’s real presence
Christendom
the worldwide body or society of Christians
Ex-communication
to be cut off from communication with a church
Mass
the central act of worship of the Roman Catholic Church
Heretic
a person who differs in opinion form established religious dogma
The 95 Theses
detailed Luther’s opinions about the teachings of the Christian Scripture and practises of the Roman Catholic Church
Sola Deo Gloria translation
God’s glory alone
Sola Deo Gloria definition
the work/life was produced for the sake of celebrating God’s glory alone