MMSC402 Body Fluid Analysis Final

Typical urine pH

4.5-8.0

Typical urinary protein excretion

<150 mg/day

pH commercial strip method

double indicator combinations

protein commercial strip method

protein accepts hydrogen ions from indicator dye

heme/RBCs commercial strip method

Oxidation of chromogen while hydrogen peroxide is reduced

Leukocyte esterase commercial strip method

Hydrolyzes ester on reagent pad then azo coupling reaction form azo dye

Nitrite commercial strip method

diazotization of nitrite followed by azo coupling reaction

glucose commercial strip method

Double sequential enzyme reaction using glucose oxidase oxidizes glucose to hydrogen peroxide which reacts with chromagen

ketone commercial strip method

react with nitroprussideb

bilirubin commercial strip method

coupling of bilirubin with diazonium salt

urobilinogen commercial strip method

Ehrlich's reaction based on reaction of urobilinogen with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Ascorbic can affect what four things?

blood, bilirubin, glucose, and nitrite readings by removing reactant from reaction sequence

Clinitest cannot detect….

reducing substances like sucrose

hemosiderin visualized with

prussian blue stain

urinary cast formation enhanced by..

acidic pH, urinary stasis, increase in solute concentration of the ultrafiltrate, and increase in the quantity of plasma proteins

identify

ammonium biurate

identify

amorphous urates

identify

amorphous phosphates

identify

calcium oxalate

identify

cystine

identify

uric acid

identify

sulfas

What disorder occurs after a bacterial infection of the skin or throat?

Acute glomerulonephritis

What category of renal disorders are immune mediated and result from toxic substances induced by immune complex formation?

Glomerular renal disease

Which of the following disorders is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Membranous glomerulonephritisis

What features characterize nephrotic syndrome?

Proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia

Generalized loss of proximal tubular function is a characteristic of

Fanconi’s syndrome

Eosinophiluria, fever, and skin rash are characteristic clinical features of

Acute interstitial nephritis

Which of the following hereditary diseases results in the accumulation and excretion of large amounts of homogentisic acid

Alkaptonuria.

CSF has higher levels of what three things compared to plasma?

Sodium, chloride, magnesium

CSF has lower concentration of what three things compared to plasma?

Potassium, calcium, protein

Normal recumbent pressure of CSF

50-180 mm Hg

Normal albumin level of CSF

<9

Normal CSF protein

15-45 mg/dL

Normal CSF IgG

0.30-0.70

Normal CSF glucose

50-80 mg/dLWh

When is CSF glucose diagnostically significant?

When it is decreased

Thoracentesis refers specifically to the removal of fluid from the

pleural cavity

A glucose concentration difference greater than 30 mg/ dL between the serum and an effusion is associated with

Rheumatoid arthritis

A transudate has a WBC count less than____ cells/uL while an exudate has anything higher than this

1000 cells/uL

A transudate has a fluid/serum protein ratio less than____ while an exudate has anything higher than this

0.5

A transudate has a fluid/serum lactate dehydrogenase ratio less than____ while an exudate has anything higher than this

0.6

When is serous glucose diagnostically significant?

Only when it is decreased

Which of the following substances will not increase the turbidity of synovial fluid?

A. Fat

B. Crystals

C. Hyaluronate

D. White blood cells

Hyaluronate - will increase viscosity but not turbidity

viscosity of synovial due to

hyaluronate

Differentiation of synovial fluid crystals, based on their birefringence, is achieved using

Compensated polarizing microscopy

Synovial fluid should have what two things the same as plasma?

Glucose and uric acid

How does synovial fluid vary from serum?

¼ to ½ total protein and immunoglobulins

Group I noninflammatory synovial fluid characterized by

high viscosity, <3000 WBCs/uL, <25% neutrophils, <20 mg/dL glucose, yellow color

Group II inflammatory synovial fluid characterized by

low viscosity, 2000-100000 WBCs/uL, >50% neutrophils, >20 mg/dL glucose, yellow-white color

Group III septic synovial fluid characterized by

low viscosity, 10,000-100,000 WBCs/uL, >75% neutrophils, >40 mg/dL glucose, yellow-green color

Group IV hemorrhagic synovial fluid characterized by

decreased viscosity, >5000 WBCs/uL, >25% neutrophils, <20 mg/dL glucose, red-brown color

normal serous fluid volume

0.1-3.5 mL

zinc levels of semen can be used to detect function of

prostate gland

fructose levels of semen can be used to detect function of

seminal vesicles

normal sperm concentration

20-250 million sperm/mL

normal pH of semen

7.2-7.8

normal pH of vaginal secretions

3.8-4.5

odor of potassium hydroxide test caused by

trimethylamine

potassium hydroxide test diagnostic of what bacterial condition

bacterial vaginosis

Lactose intolerance caused by the lack of sufficient lactase primarily presents with

osmotic diarrhea

The daily amount of fat excreted in the feces is normally less than

7.0 g

what compound is produces the normal color of feces

urobilins

secretory diarrhea is characterized by

increased solute secretion by intestine that draws water and electrolytes into the intestines

osmotic diarrhea is characterized by

increased osmotically active solutes drawing water and electrolytes into intestine

secretory diarrhea is characterized by what fecal osmolality

<20 mOsm/kg

osmotic diarrhea is characterized by what fecal osmolality

>20 mOsm/kg

how is the apt test used to differentiate fetal and maternal blood in a newborn’s stool

dilute sodium hydroxide added to stool that will degrade the maternal but not fetal hemoglobin

fecal carbohydrate clinitest uses what reaction

copper reduction principle to detect reducing sugars

secretory diarrhea caused by

enterotoxin-producing organisms, damage to mucosa due to drugs or disease

osmotic diarrhea caused by

maldigestion, malabsorption