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Baron Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers
Jean-Jacque Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production
Toussaint L'Overture
Instrumental leader throughout the Haitian Revolution. He led the blacks to a victory over the whites, freeing the slaves
Water frame
1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms
Capital
refers to manufactured goods used to make other goods and services
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Industrialization
The development of industries in a country or region on a widescale
Proletariat
Working class people (Usually used in reference to Marxism and are viewed as the oppressed of society)
Tenement
A room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments (Common housing for working class in industrial Britain)
Mass Production
The production of large quantities of a standardized article by an automated mechanical process
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Reign of Terror
(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.
Factory system
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Corporations
businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
Stockholders
people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners
Monopoly
A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.
Consumerism
a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Utilitarianism
idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Labor Unions
An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions
Bourgeoise
The middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents
Tanzimat
'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.
Millets
Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions.
Self-Strengthening Movement
late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
Mary Wollstonecraft
British woman's rights activist who argued for woman's right to education
Creoles
People of Spanish descent who were born in Latin America