WHAP VOCAB

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Toussaint L'Overture

Instrumental leader throughout the Haitian Revolution. He led the blacks to a victory over the whites, freeing the slaves

Water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

Capital

refers to manufactured goods used to make other goods and services

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a widescale

Proletariat

Working class people (Usually used in reference to Marxism and are viewed as the oppressed of society)

Tenement

A room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments (Common housing for working class in industrial Britain)

Mass Production

The production of large quantities of a standardized article by an automated mechanical process

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

Stockholders

people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Bourgeoise

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Millets

Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions.

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Mary Wollstonecraft

British woman's rights activist who argued for woman's right to education

Creoles

People of Spanish descent who were born in Latin America