Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

These flashcards cover important concepts related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, focusing on processes like diffusion, various types of shock, and their treatments.

What is the process of diffusion in the respiratory system?

Diffusion is a passive process where substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, such as oxygen moving into the lungs from the air.

what is lumen?

This is the opening within the blood vessel

Which note does the electrical impulse start on the heart?

This is the SA node

What is the Tunica intima?

This is the innermost layer of the vessel, smooth in interlining only one self thick

What is the Tunica media?

Middle leader of elastic fibers and smooth muscle that gives strength and contractility much thicker layer more powerful in arteries than the veins

What is the Tunica adventitia?

This is a protective outer layer of fibrous tissue provides blood vessels with strength needed to withstand high pressure against the walls

Where does the blood go after? It’s in the left ventricle and what does the pass through?

Blood is then pumped back into the body via the aorta passes through the aortic valve and this delivers blood to the rest of the body

Where does the blood go after the left atrium?

It goes into the left ventricle and the mitral valve allows flow into the ventricle

After blood has been oxygenated in the lungs, where does it go?

In the lungs blood picks up oxygen and releases. CO2 then flows back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

Two veins per lung

The blood is received in the left atrium

What happens to the blood after it’s in the right ventricle

The blood is then pumped into the pulmonary artery

Then it is carried to the lungs to be oxygenated

What’s the second chamber in the heart after the atrium?

This is the right ventricle

What is the first chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood after the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava?

This is the right atrium

Where does the heart receive deoxygenated blood

This is the first step the blood is pumped to the heart the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

what valve allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

This is the tricuspid valve

What is the normal pH level range for human blood?

The normal pH level range for human blood is 7.35 to 7.45.

What are some examples of conditions that can lead to increased carbon dioxide in the body?

Conditions such as COPD, hypoventilation, and hyperventilation can lead to increased carbon dioxide levels in the body.

What does shunting refer to in the context of the cardiovascular system?

Shunting refers to the redirection of blood flow from areas that are less critical to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs, particularly during shock.

What are the three components of the perfusion triangle?

The three components of the perfusion triangle are the heart (pump), blood vessels (container), and blood (fluid).

What could narrowing pulse pressure indicate?

Narrowing pulse pressure could indicate conditions such as cardiac tamponade or other cardiovascular emergencies.

What causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure during a fight or flight response?

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during a fight or flight response causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

What are the common causes of shock?

Common causes of shock include pump failure, poor vessel function, and low fluid volume.

What are capillary sphincter?

These are circular muscular walls that regulate blood flow through the capillaries

Hypovolemic

Causes

1. Loss of blood or fluid

   Signs and symptoms

   1. Rapid weak pulse

2. Low blood pressure

   3. AM S

   4. Cyanosis

   5. Cool, clammy skin and increased RR

Psychogenic

Causes

1. Temporary generalized vascular dilation

2. Anxiety

3. Sight of blood severe pain

   Signs and symptoms

   1. Rapid pulse

   2. Normal or low blood pressure

      Treatment

   1. Determine duration of unconsciousness

   2. Positioned patient supine

   3. Record vitals and mental status

   4. Suspect head injury, if confused

   5. Transport promptly

Anaphylactic

Cause

1. Life-threatening allergic reaction

   Signs and symptoms

   1. Develop within seconds

   2. Mild itch or rash

   3. Burning skin

   4. Vascular dilation

   5. Generalized edema

   6. Coma

   7. Rapid death

      Treatment

      1. Manage airway

      2. Assist ventilations

      3. Administer oxygen

      4. Determine cause

      5. Assist with admin of EpiPen

      6. Consider a LS

Neurogenic shock

Damage cervical spine, which causes wise for blood vessel dilation

Signs and symptoms

1. Bradycardia

2. Low Bp

3. Signs of Neck injury

   treatment

   1. Secure airway

   2. Spinal mobilization

   3. Ventilations

   4. High flow oxygen

   5. Preserved body heat

   6. Transport and consider ALS

Septic shock

Severe infection

Signs and symptoms

1. Warm skin or fever

2. Tachycardia

3. Low BP

   treatment

   1. Transport promptly

   2. High flow oxygen

   3. Assist vent

   4. Consider ALS

Obstructive shock

Mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle, causing a decrease in cardiac output

Causes

1. Tension pneumothorax

2. Cardiac tamponade

Pulmonary embolism

Signs and symptoms

1. Dyspnea

2. Rapid week pulse

3. Rapid shallow breath

4. Decreased lung compliance

5. You know collateral decreased, or absent breath sounds

6. Jugular vein distention

7. Tracheal deviation

8. Back triad, cardiac tamponade

   Treatment

9. ALS assistance or rapid

10. High flow oxygen

Cardiogenic shock

Potential cause

1. Inadequate heart function

2. Disease of muscle tissue

3. Impaired electrical system

4. Disease or injury

   Signs and symptoms

   1. Chest pain

   2. Irregular pulse

   3. Weak pulse

   4. Low blood pressure

   5. Cyanosis

   6. Cool clammy skin

   7. Anxiety

5. Pulmonary edema

   Treatment

   1 position comfortably

6. Administer high flow oxygen

7. Assist ventilations transport properly

8. Consider ALS

cardiogenic shock?

Cardiogenic shock is a type of shock caused by the heart's inability to pump effectively, often following a myocardial infarction.

What is obstructive shock?

Obstructive shock occurs due to mechanical obstructions that prevent the heart from filling adequately, such as cardiac tamponade or tension pneumothorax.

What is the main treatment for pulmonary embolism?

Definitive treatment for pulmonary embolism is primarily surgical intervention and high flow oxygen therapy.

What is neurogenic shock?

Neurogenic shock is caused by spinal cord injuries, leading to loss of sympathetic tone, resulting in bradycardia and warm, dry skin below the injury.

What differentiates anaphylactic shock from other types of shock?

Anaphylactic shock is characterized by severe allergic reactions leading to airway swelling, bronchoconstriction, and systemic vasodilation.

What is hypovolemic shock?

Hypovolemic shock results from significant fluid loss, including both hemorrhagic (bleeding) and non-hemorrhagic causes (diarrhea, vomiting).

How do you identify compensated vs decompensated shock?

Compensated shock maintains blood pressure despite tachycardia and increased respiratory rate, while decompensated shock shows a drop in blood pressure.

What is the significance of orthostatic hypotension?

Orthostatic hypotension is significant for indicating potential fluid loss or shock, demonstrated by a heart rate increase greater than 20 bpm when changing positions.