Chapter Six: Disorders of Trauma and Stress

Mindfulness

________- Based Techniques: Help clients become more accepting and less judgmental of their recurring thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

________ is thought to result from a lifetime of excessive repression.

Hypothalamus

________ activates the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Movement Desensitization

Eye ________ and Processing (EMDR): An exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid.

PTSD

People suffering from ________ are more likely to transmit relevant biological abnormalities to their children.

Hypnosis

________ can help people remember events that occurred and were forgotten years ago.

Dissociative disorders

________ are caused by repression.

Acute

________ or posttraumatic stress disorder can occur at any age.

Behavioral

________: apply exposure techniques when treating veterans with PTSD.

Multifinality

________: People with similar beginnings may wind up at different end points.

Iatrogenic

________: Cases that are unintentionally produced by practitioners.

Stressor

________: The event that creates the demands.

Equifinality

________: Different developmental pathways may lead to the same end point.

Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

________: Focuses on the intersection and context of important variables at key points of time throughout an individuals lifespan.

Derealization

________: Feeling that the environment is unreal or strange.

Depersonalization

________: The sense that ones own mental functioning or body are unreal or detached.

Dissociative Amnesia

________ is a single episode of massive repression.

Self hypnosis

________: The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.

Childhood abuse

________ can also trigger dissociative amnesia.

Hyperalertness

________: excessively alert.

Fusion

________: Final merging of two or more subpersonalities.

symptoms of PTSD

Brains stress circuit: Dysfunction in the stress circuit contributes to the ________.

psychological disorders

Stress reactions are often at play in ________.

Amygdala

________ (springs into action when the person confronts a stressor) activity is too high.

Conscious Subpersonalities

________: The subpersonality that is aware and is a quiet observer.

Dissociation

________: Psychological separation.

Brain body pathways

________ in which the ANS and the endocrine system produce arousal.

Group Therapy

________: Veterans meet with other like themselves to share experiences and feelings, develop insights, and give mutual support.

Amnesic Relationships

Mutually ________: The subpersonalities have no awareness of each other.

traumatic event

Continuous Amnesia: The person may forget new and ongoing experiences as well as what happened before and during the ________.

Endocrine System

________: Network of glands located throughout the body.

Torture

________ through deprivation: sleep, sensory, social, nutritional, medical, or hygiene deprivation.

Personal Styles

________: People with certain personalities, attitudes, and coping styles are particularly likely to develop PTSD.

Complex PTSD

________ is PTSD + profound disturbances in their emotional control, self- control, and relationships.

Automatic Writing

________: The current personality may find itself writing down words over which it has no control.

Fugues

________ are brief and reversible, so there are few aftereffects.

Psychological Debriefing

________: A form of crisis intervention that has victims of trauma talk extensively about their feelings and reactions within days of the critical incident.

Resilience

________: the ability of a person to adapt well and cope effectively in the face of life adversity.

Traumas

________ that increase the risk of stress disorders: mutilation, severe physical injury, sexual assault, witnessing the injury or death of other people.

Symptoms of depersonalization derealization disorder

________ are persistent /recurrent, cause considerable distress, and may impair social relationships and job performance.

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Pathway

________: When we are faced by stressors, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to secrete stress hormones.

Sympathetic Nervous System Pathway

________: A group of ANS fibers that work to quicken our heartbeat and produce the other changes that we come to experience as fear or anxiety.

Selective Amnesia

________: A person will remember some, but not all, events that took place during a period of time.

Hypnotic Amnesia

________: Hypnosis can make people forget facts, events, and personal identities.

Subpersonalities Alternate Personalities

________: The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with did.

Acute Stress Disorder

________: A disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month.

Psychological torture

________: threats of death, mock executions, verbal abuse, degradation.

Depersonalization

________: Feeling that their conscious state or body is unreal.

PTSD

________: A disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event.

stressor

When we view a(n) ________ as threatening, a natural reaction is arousal and a sense of fear.

Stressor

The event that creates the demands

Stress Response

The persons reactions to the demands

Autonomic Nervous System

Extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body

ex

breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, perspiration, etc

Endocrine System

Network of glands located throughout the body

Sympathetic Nervous System Pathway

A group of ANS fibers that work to quicken our heartbeat and produce the other changes that we come to experience as fear or anxiety

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Pathway

When we are faced by stressors, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to secrete stress hormones

Fight-or-Flight response

these systems arouse our body and prepare us for a response to danger

Traumatic Event

Event in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

Acute Stress Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a trauma but for less than a month

PTSD

A disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a traumatic event

Hyperalertness

excessively alert

Dissociation

Psychological separation

Depersonalization

Feeling that their conscious state or body is unreal

Derealization

Feeling that the environment is unreal or strange

Disasters (ex

earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, fires, airplane crashes serious car accidents)

Sexual Assault / Rape

Forced sexual intercourse or another sexual act committed against a nonconsenting person or intercourse between an adult and an underage person

Terrorism

Many people develop immediate and long-term psychological effects when they are victims of terrorism or live under the threat of terrorism

Torture

The use of brutal, degrading, and disorienting strategies to reduce victims to a state of utter helplessness

Physical torture

beatings, waterboarding, electrocution

Psychological torture

threats of death, mock executions, verbal abuse, degradation

Sexual torture

rape, violence to the genitals, sexual humiliation

Torture through deprivation

sleep, sensory, social, nutritional, medical, or hygiene deprivation

Brain-Body Stress Pathways

people who develop PTSD react with especially heightened arousal in the stress pathways

Brains stress circuit

Dysfunction in the stress circuit contributes to the symptoms of PTSD

Inherited Predispositions

Certain individuals inherit a tendency for overly-reactive brain-body stress pathways and a dysfunctional brain stress circuit

Personal Styles

People with certain personalities, attitudes, and coping styles are particularly likely to develop PTSD

Resilience

the ability of a person to adapt well and cope effectively in the face of life adversity

Social Support Systems

People whose social and family support systems are weak are more likely to develop PTSD after a traumatic event

Severity and nature of the traumas

The more severe or prolonged the trauma and the more direct ones exposure to it, the greater the likelihood of developing a stress disorder

Traumas that increase the risk of stress disorders

mutilation, severe physical injury, sexual assault, witnessing the injury or death of other people

Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

Focuses on the intersection and context of important variables at key points of time throughout an individuals lifespan

Multifinality

People with similar beginnings may wind up at different end points

Equifinality

Different developmental pathways may lead to the same end point

Cognitive Processing Therapy

Therapists guide the veterans to examine and change the dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation they have developed as a result of their traumatic experiences

Mindfulness-Based Techniques

Help clients become more accepting and less judgmental of their recurring thoughts, feelings, and memories

Behavioral

apply exposure techniques when treating veterans with PTSD

Prolonged Exposure

A treatment approach in which clients confront not only trauma-related objects and situations, but also their painful memories of traumatic experiences

Eye Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR)

An exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid

Couple and Family Therapy

With the help and support of their family members, veterans with PTSD may come to

Group Therapy

Veterans meet with other like themselves to share experiences and feelings, develop insights, and give mutual support

Psychological Debriefing

A form of crisis intervention that has victims of trauma talk extensively about their feelings and reactions within days of the critical incident

Localized Amnesia

A person loses all memory of events that took place within a limited period of time, almost always beginning with some very disturbing occurrence

Selective Amnesia

A person will remember some, but not all, events that took place during a period of time

Generalized Amnesia

Loss of memory extends back to times long before the upsetting period

Continuous Amnesia

The person may forget new and ongoing experiences as well as what happened before and during the traumatic event

Dissociative Fugue

An extreme version of dissociative amnesia

Subpersonalities / Alternate Personalities

The two or more distinct personalities found in individuals suffering with did

Switching

The transition from one subpersonality to another

Mutually Amnesic Relationships

The subpersonalities have no awareness of each other