PPL

PPL

Eligibility Requirements for Student Pilots

61.83 - 16 years old.  Read, write, speak English.  Student Pilot Certificate.

Solo Requirements for Student Pilots

61.87 - Pre solo training and endorsements required.  Solo flight endorsements from instructor.

Eligibility for PPL

61.103 - 17 years old. Read, write, speak english.  Student Pilot Certificate.  Ground and Flight Training Endorsements. Pass knowledge and practical test.  Meet experience requirements of 61.109.  3rd class medical certificate.

PPL Aernautical Knowledge Requirements

61.105 - Regulations (Part 61 and 91), Airspace and ATC Services, Weather Reports/Forecasts, weather theory.  Aerodynamics and aircraft systems.  Weight/Balance and performance charts.  Navigation (Charts, VOR, GPS, dead reckoning.  Radio Comms.  Decision making, aeromedical factors.

Flight Proficiency Requirements (Areas of Operation)

61.107 - Preflight.  Airport ops/Collision Avoidance.  Takeoffs, Landings, Go Arounds.  Performance manuevers (S.T., Stalls, S.F.)  Ground Ref Manuevers.  Navigation (Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, Radio Nav).  Emergency operations.  Night Operations.  Postflight Procedures.

PPL Experience Requirements

61.109 - 40 Total Hrs. 20 hrs dual instruction.  10 hr solo.  5 hr solo xc.  1 solo xc of greater than 150 NM w/ landings at 3 different airports.  3 hr night.  3 hr simulated ifr.  3 hr duel prep in the last 2 months.

Type Ratings and Additional Training Requirements

61.31 - regulation that requires extra endorsements to fly certain airplanes

Pilot Logbooks

61.51 - must log training and aeronautical experience required for a certificate or currency

Privileges and Limitations

61.113 - Privilege: may act as PIC flying passengers or property not for compensation except in these circumstances: -pro rata share from passengers - charitable events - search and location operations -aircraft sales demo -production test flight -towing gliders w/ proper endorsement

Medical Certificates

61.23 - 1st class <40 yrs old = 12 months, then 3rd class priveleges for 48 months after. >40 yrs old 6 months.  2nd class same as 1st.  3rd class <40 = 60 months, >40 = 24 months.  Basic Med if held medical cert after 7/14/2006, completed comprehensive medical exam w/ doctor every 48 months, completed basicmed course every 24 months.  Good for aircraft 6 seats of less, 6K lbs or less, 5 passenges or less, 18k ft or less, 250 knots or less, not for hire

Requirements for certificates (PPL)

61.3 - PPL certificate (plastic card), medical certificate, photo ID

Proficiency vs Currency

Currency = legal, have met FAA's minimum requirements.  Proficiency = safe, skilled, comfortable, capable.

Required Aircraft Certificates

91.203/91.9 - Airworthiness Cert - Displayed in cabin, visible to passengers, never expires if maintained and no major changes made to aircraft.  Registration - must be on board, renew every 3 years.  POH - must be on board

Required Inspections and Logbook documentation

91.409 - AV1ATE - Annual: Signed by an IA for all aircraft.  VOR check - every 30 days for IFR flight.  100 HR - for hire airplanes or flight training, by A&P, can overfly by 10 hrs to get back to airport.  Altimeter & Pitot Static - 24 Calender months for IFR in controlled space.  Transponder - 24 calender months, required in transponder required area.  ELT - 12 calender months, must replace battery after 1 cumulative hour of use, 50% of batter goes, or 12 months, whichever is first

Airplane Documentation

91.417 - Inspections, Maint/Repairs/Alterations, Airworthiness Directives.  PIC is responsible for ensuring airpolane and documentation is on point.

Airworthiness Directives

39.3|39.7 Issued by FAA when a safety issue is found with an aircraft.  Legally enforceable.  Non compliance = illegal to fly.  Must be logged in aircraft maint records.  Special airworthiness information bulletins: issued by FAA to alert, educate, and recommend.  Not mandatory, just advisory.

Special Flight Permits

21.197 - Issued when aircraft is not currently airworthy but otherwise safe for a specific flight.  Allows aircraft to be flown to a base where maint or repairs can be made, a place of storage, delivery, production flight test, or evacuate from danger.  To obtain you must contact local FSDO and apply, have a mechanic inspect and FAA will issue a permit.

Owner Operator vs PIC responsibilities

91.403|91.405 - OWNER/OPERATOR: Airworthiness, Maintenance/Inspections, Recordkeeping, Discrepancies, Preventative Maintenance.  PIC: Final authority over operation, airworthiness determination, preflight action, compliance w/ limitation, emergency authority

Pilot Performed Maintenance

43.3|43.7 Who can perform: Private pilot or higher on their own airplane.  Simple minor preservation or replacements like oil service, spark plugs, light bulbs, safety wire/cotter pins, side windows, seat belts, changing tires, etc.  Must be logged in aircraft records.

Required Equipment to Fly

91.213|91.205 Required for Day VFR - ATOMATOFLAMES - Airspeed indicator, Tachometer, Oil Pressure Gauge, Manifold Pressure Gauge, Altimeter, Temperature gauge, Oil Temp Gauge, Fuel Gauge, Landing Gear Indicator, Altimeter, Magnetic Compass, ELT, Seatbelts.  Night VFR - FLAPS - Fuses, Landing light, Anti Collision Lights, Position lndicator, Source of power.

Flying with Inoperative Equipment

Step 1: Check minimum equipment list if it has.  If not, follow 91.213(d).  Step 2: is it required by KOEL in POH?  Is it required by 91.205?  Is it required by AD?  Is it required by VFR-day certification basis?  If all criteria met, placard inoperative.  If A&P removes/deactivates, must be enetered in maint records.

Kinds of Equipment List

Manufacturer required equipment that is required to fly, would be in addition to 91.205.

Sources of Weather Data for Pre Flight Planning

91.103 - PIC must become familiar w/ all available information including weather reports and forecasts preflight.  FAA Sources: -Flight Service Station, Aviation Weather Center, DUATs like services (Foreflight, Garmin Pilot, etc)

METAR

Curent surface weather observations

TAFs

24-30 hr forecast for airport

AIRMET

Moderate weather hazards (turbulence, icing, IFR, mountain obscuration)

SIGMET

Severe weather hazards (severe turbulence, severe icing, volcanic ash)

Convective SIGMET

Thunderstorms

Surface Analysis Chart

Pressure systems, fronts, winds, temperatures

Weather Depiction Chart

Areas of IFR, MVFR, VFR

Prog Charts

Forecasted positions of fronts, precipitations, and weather hazards

PIREP

Pilot reported turbulence, icing, ceilings

CWA

Unscheduled, short term in-flight advisory issued by a Center Weather Service Unit

Cloud Types

Stratiform (Stable Air), Cumiliform (Unstable Air),

Stable vs Unstable Air

Stable Air: Stratiform clouds, smooth air, poor visibility.  Unstable air: Cumulus clouds, turbulence, showers, good visibility

Dewpoint

The temperature to which the air must be cooled to become saturated (100% humidity).  When temperature and dewpoint are with 4F, air is nearly saturated.  Close T/Dew point spread = low clouds, precipitation.  Large spread = dry air, good visibility.

Air Masses/Fronts

Air masses named by moisture and temperature.  Fronts: a boundary between 2 air masses with different temps and densities.

Cold Front

Cold, dense air advances and pushes under warm air.  Weather will be a narrow band of cumulonimbus clouds; showers, thunderstorms, or turbulence; after passage cool, clear air, good visibility

Warm Front

Warm air advances and gradually rises up over cool air.  Weather will be wide area of stratus clouds, light to moderate continuous rain/snow/fog.  Before passage: poor visibility, precipitation.  After passage warmer, stable air, good visibility.

Lifting mechanisms

Fronts, Surface heating, Orographic lift (air over mountains), convergance

Thunderstorms

Thunderstorm: a local storm produced by a cumulonimbus cloud w/ thunder and lightning.  Need moisture, unstable atmosphere, an dlifting action.  Stages: Cumulus - updrafts; Mature - up and downdrafts, heavy rain, hail, turbulence; dissapating - downdrafts, rain tapers off

Flying Around Thunderstorms

Stay at least 20 NM away from thunderstorm clouds

Microburst

A small, intense downdraft that spreads out on reaching the ground, producing severe wind shear

Icing

Occurs when supercooled water droplets strike the airplane and freeze.  Not allowed to fly into known or forecast severe icing conditions.  Can cause carb ice, air intake ice, blockage of the pitot tube, static port.

Class A Airspace

18,000' MSL and above.  IFR flight plan only; ATC Clearance required; instrument rating required; IFR certified aircraft w/ 2-way radios, Mode C Transponder, ADSB-out

Class B Airspace

Entry requirements: PPL or endorsement, ATC clearance to the Bravo.  Equipment required: 2-way radio, mode C transponder, ADSB out.  Weather minimum - 3 SM visibility, clear of clouds

Class C Airspace

Entry requirements: 2-way radio communication (must hear your callsign back)  Equipment required: 2-way radio, mode C transponder, ADSB out   Weather minimum: 3 SM visibility, 1,000' above, 500' below, 2,000' horizontal

Class D Airspace

Entry requirements: 2-way radio communication; Equipment required: 2-way radio; Weather minimums 3 SM visibility, 1,000' above, 500' below, 2,000' horizontal

Class E Airspace

Entry requirements: none; Equipment: radio not required unless within an E surface area w/ tower.  Weather minimums: below 10,000' MSL - 3-152; above 10,000' MSL 5 SM, 1,000 below, 1,000 above, 1 SM horizontal

Class G Airspace

Weather minimums: Day less than 1200, 1 SM clear of clouds; Night less than 1200, 3-152; 1201-10000, 1 SM day, 3 SM night, 500' below, 1,000' above, 2,000 horizontal; greater than 10,000 MSL 5 SM, 1,000 below, 1,000 above, 1 SM horizontal

Prohibited Areas

Depicted: blue hasted area w/ "P-###"; Purpose: National Security; Rules: no flight allowed

Restricted Areas

Depicted: blue hased area w/ "R-###"; Purpose: hazards (artillery, missiles, etc); Rules: VFR flight prohbited when active unless ATC clearance

Warning Areas

Depicted: blue hased area w/ "W-###"; Purpose: offshore hazards, international waters; Rules: use extreme caution

Military Operations Area

Depicted: magenta hasted labeled MOA. Purpose: high volume military training; Rules: VFR permitted w/o clearance, but should check w/ FSS

Alert Areas

Depicted: magenta "A-###" Purpose: Unusual aerial activity (flight training, high volume traffic, gliders, skydiving)  Rules: VFR permitted, use extra caution

Controlled Firing Area

Depicted: not charted; Purpose: hazards to aircraft

Special Flight Rules Areas

Defined by Congress or FAA to protect sensitive areas; Rules: mandatory procedures (altitudes, routes, comms, speed)

Temporary Flight Restrictions

Issued by NOTAM, Purpose: to protect people/property, Rules: Pilots must check NOTAMs before every flight.  Entering TFR could result in suspension or worse.

Pressure (Altimeter Settings)

High pressure = better performance (Cold, dense air; shorter takeoff, more climb)

Standard Pressure

29.92 Hg, 15 C @ Sea Level

Temperature

Higher temperature = air less dense = poor performance.  Lower temperature opposite

Humidity

High humidity = less lift, power, longer takeoff (worse performance)

Density Altitude

High density altitude = bad.  Reduced engine power, thrust, lift, takeoff roll

Stability

Stable air = good performance but low ceilings.  Unstable air = can produce strong drafts that affect climb/descent performance

Failure to Lean @ Altitude

Can cause rough engine, power loss, excessive fuel burn

Flaps

Improve lift, increases drag, steeper descent @ slower speeds

Forward vs Aft CG

Forward CG = Nose Heavy, more stable, heavier control forces, higher stall speed, longer takeoff roll, reduced performance

4 Forces of Flight

Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag

Theories of Lift production

Bernoillis principle  air over curved top of wing moves faster = lower pressure and that pressure difference produces lift.  Newtons third law - wing deflects air downward - equal and opposite upward force creates lift

Stalls

A stall occurs when the critical angle of attack is exceeded.  Forward CG lowers stall speed

Turning tendencies

Propeller rotation makes airplane roll left.  P-factor, at high AOA, descending blade produces more thrust, yaw left.  Spiraling slipstream - probwash hits vertical stabilizer, yaw left

Load factor and limit load

Load Factor: G Force imposed on the airplane.  Limit load factor is the max structural load designed for.  Exceeding this limit may cause structural damage or failure

Stall recognition

Buffeting/shaking, decreased control effectiveness, stall warning horn

Stall recovery

Reduce AOA, max power, level wings, recover to climb at Vy

Spin Recover

Power idle, Ailerons neutral, Rudder full opposite direction of spin, elevator forward

Primary flight controls

Stabilator - controls pitch about the lateral axis.  Ailerons - controls roll about the longtitudinal axis.  Rudder - controls yaw about the vertical axis.

Secondary flight controls

Flaps - Lower stall speed, steeper descent without increasing speed.  Trim - relieve control pressures

Powerplant and propellor

LHAND - Lycoming, horizontally-opposed, air-cooled, normally aspirated, direct drive.  Fixed pitch propeller

Landing gear

Fixed tricycle.  Steel spring struts.  Shock absorption from oil and compressed air

Fuel, Oil, and Hydraulic

Two tanks about 25 gal ea, pump driven system, electric and motor. 100LL Avgas (blue) 8 qts of oil max, 6 min, functions of oil - lubricate moving parts, cools, cleans, protects. Hydraulic system - primary use is for brakes

Electrical System

14V DC system, 12V battery, 60AMP alternator.  Alternator is the primary power source during operation.  Battery is backup power and startup.  Circuit breakers protect individual components.

Alternator Failure - How Can you Tell and What do you do?

Light comes on, current drops out.  Plan to land asap.

What does AHRS and ADC do

AHRS - Attitude and Heading Reference System) - provides precise attitude, heading, and rate of turn info.  ADC (Air Data Computer) - Replaces pitot static instruments, outputs airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, density altitude.

Pitot-Static

Pitot tube, static port, powers airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator.

Vacuum/Pressure System

Engine-driven vacuum pump, vacuum regulator and filter, powers attitude indicator and heading indicator.

Heat/AC - how it works and dangers

Cabin heat source of heat is the exhaust.  Potential hazards are CO poisoning and fires.  Cooling air is drawn in from inlets, or possibly has a AC system cooled by refrigerant.  Potential hazards are exhaust fums and CO, frosting/fogging, over malfunctioning creating a very hot cockpit

Deicing

Using scrapers, brooms, or deicing fluides.  Restores aircraft surfaces to clean, smooth condition to revocer normal performance.

Anti-Icing

Chemicals applied before takeoff

IMSAFE

IMSAFE - Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Emotion