APUSH Unit 7 Test

What did Twain mean by “Gilded Age”

* Refers to the period between 1875-1900
* Referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the __late 19th century__
* __**Thought it looked good but turned out not to be**__

Who were the supporters of the Republican Party

* __Blacks__, __middle-class__ businessmen, __Protestants__
* Mostly the __**North**__

Who were the supporters of the Democrat Party

* Big city __political machines, immigrants__
* Mostly the __**South**__

During the Gilded Age, how did Americans feel about the role of the government

* They believed that the __role of gov. was strictly limited__
* Wanted to __restore__ what they believed was a more __normal political equilibrium__

What is the spoils system

* Held that __after an election the victorious party should reward its supporters by giving them gov. jobs__
* Often meant __turning members of the opposing party out of their gov. positions__ and became a __major burden for presidents__ as heads of the office-rich executive branch

What event led to the Pendleton Act and what did the act do

* __Garfield’s assassination__ convinced Congress that something had to be done about the spoils system
* PA: __took a number of gov. jobs out of political control__ __**(If you want to work for gov., you need to take a test)**__

How did the political parties differ on tariffs

* __Republicans__ supported __high tariffs__ to protect American industry and jobs
* __Democrats__ wanted to __lower tariffs__

What were political machines and what did they do

* __Highly structured organizations__ designed to __keep a leader and his associates in political power__
* __Provided working-class citizens jobs, loans, and other favors in exchange for their votes__

*What was Tammany Hall and who was its boss*

* *Most* __*famous political machine*__
* *Boss was* __*William M. Tweed*__ (and a group from City Hall)

Who were the candidates in 1876

* Republican, __Rutherford B. Hayes__
* Democrat, __Samuel J. Tilden__

What did the Compromise of 1877 do

* The __end of a federal military presence__ and brought __**Reconstruction to an end**__
* Most __Southern African Americans and whites__ in the decades after the Civil War __remained poor farmers, and they fell further behind the rest of the nation__

How did the gov. help railroads

US gov. __subsidized the building of the transcontinental railroad__ and __gave huge land grants to rail companies__ who sought to construct rail lines throughout the west

What were railroads like in the east and who was the railroad leader there

* __Cornelius Vanderbilt__ lead the modernization of older tracks
* __Conversion of Eastern lines to common gauge steel rails__ and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one company

What were the railroads like in the west and where did they eventually meet

* __Transcontinental railroad__ was constructed by the congressionally __appointed Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies__
* They __finally met__ on May 10, 1869, at __Promontory Point, Utah__, just north of the Great Salt Lake

How did Bessemer revolutionize steel

Henry Bessemer revolutionized the production of steel when __he discovered a way to produce it faster and make it stronger__

Describe Andrew Carnegie and what was vertical integration

* A young Scottish immigrant who saw a future in the production of steel and emerged as __one of the nation’s wealthiest men by the late 1800s through his Carnegie Steel Company__
* __Tactic where Carnegie controlled every aspect of the production process for steel__ from the mining of the ore to the distribution of the finished product

Describe John D. Rockefeller and what was horizontal integration

* A __young businessman that soon joined Carnegie as one the nation’s wealthiest men__
* __Strategy__ was to __control one aspect of the production process of oil__, in this case, the refining stage

*What is laissez-faire policy*

__*Economic system*__ *based on* __*natural market forces*__*, not governments,* __*should regulate the marketplace*__

__**What did the Sherman Antitrust Act do**__

* An __attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were dominating the American economy__
* __Forbade__ the __creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade__
* __Failed__ to __specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial__ to customers and those that were __harmful__
* __Failed__ to __include__ any __real method of enforcement__

What did the Homestead Act do

__Provided__ a settler with __160 acres of land__ if he __promised to live on it and work it for at least five years__

Who is Thomas Nast

A __political cartoonist__ for Harper’s Weekly, became __William Tweed’s archenemy__ as he __began drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine’s corruption and greed__

__**Who founded the settlement house movement, what did the house do and what was the first one**__

* Begun by young, college-educated, middle-class women, founded by __**Jane Addams**__
* The __Hull House__ was the first private social welfare agency, to __assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency__, and __help immigrants__ learn to speak English.

What was the goal of the temperance movement

* Make __laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages__
* Believed prohibition __would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty__

Who were the leaders of women’s suffrage and where in the US did women gain the right to vote

* __Elizabeth Cady Stanton__ and __Susan B Anthony__ formed the National American Woman Association
* Number of western states did allow women to vote by 1900, __Wyoming__ being the first

__**What was the ruling in Plessy vs Ferguson**__

* Ruled that __because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment__
* Justices used the __“separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision__

What were Jim Crow Laws

__Segregated public facilities__ from drinking fountains to hotel rooms

__**Compare Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois**__

* __Washington__ argued that __“the agitation of the questions of social equality is the extremist folly”__
* __WEB DuBois__ would __demand an end to segregation and the granting of equal rights to all Americans__ (__**Talented 10th**__)

What were three examples of Jim Crow laws

* __Poll Taxes__
* __Liberty Tests__
* __Grandfather Clause__

Which case later overturned Plessy

The Plessy vs Ferguson ruling would later be overturned in 1954 by __Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas__

What were tenement buildings

__Poorly built, overcrowded housing__ where __many immigrants lived__

__**What did the Dawes Act do**__

* __Attempt to “civilize”__ __**Native Americans**__
* __Stripped tribes of their official federal recognition and land rights__ and would __grant individual Indian families land and citizenship in 25 years if they “behaved”__

__**What did the Morrill Land-Grant Act do**__

* Intended to __stimulate higher education in the states__
* __Federal gov. gave hundreds of thousands of acres of public land to state governments__

What was life like for those who attempted to farm in the west

* Conditions on the western plains were __harsh__
* Because of the __lack of trees and wood__, many settlers had to build their __homes out of sod__
* __Water__ was often in __short supply__, and __tainted sources of water spread diseases__ such as typhoid

What were bonanza farms

* __Large farms__ that came to __overcome agricultural life__ in a lot of the west in the late 1800s.


* Large amounts of __machinery were used__, and __workers were hired laborers__, often performing only specific tasks

Which was the first state to grant women’s suffrage

__Wyoming__ led the way in giving women the right to vote in statewide elections

What were Exodusters

* Most __famous group of African Americans to leave the South for the West__
* They modeled their journey on the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promise Land

What was the Grange and what did it do

* __Organization that formed farmer cooperatives__ to enable members to __enjoy economies of scale by buying and marketing products__
* __Organized politically and sponsored state legislation__ to regulate railroads and grain elevators

Who was Mary Lease

Popular speaker, telling farmers to __“raise less corn and more hell”__

__**What did the Interstate Commerce Act do**__

__Planned to regulate railroads but did not prove effective__

What party represented farmers and what were some of its goals

* The __Populist Party__ hoped to __unite all working people across the country__
* Called for __increasing the amount of senators__, __gov. ownership of railroads__, and the __eight-hour day for workers__

Who were the presidential candidates in 1896 and how did they differ

* Republican, __William McKinley__, conducted a __“front porch” campaign__
* Democrat, __William Bryan,__ __campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states__ of the Midwest

Which party benefited from 1896

The debate of Bryan and the Populist free-silver movement initiated an __era of Republican dominance of the presidency and of both houses of Congress__

What were some other effects of the election of 1896

* __Populist Demise__
* __Urban Dominance__
* __Beginning of Modern Politics__

What was the Turner Thesis

* Jackson Turner asserted that the __American national character was shaped by the move west__
* He __argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences__

What caused the creation of labor unions

* Labor was doing the __heavy lifting for the country__
* __Ten-plus hours a day, six days a week, and unsafe conditions__ created a vacuum that labor unions attempted to fill

Describe the American Federation of Labor

Would see the __greatest and longest-lasting success of all unions__ because of their __use of collective bargaining and focus on “bread and butter” issues__

What were some ways business handled labor dissent

* __Closing the factory__
* __“Locking out” the workers__
* __Keeping them from obtaining their day’s pay__

*Where were most of the new immigrants from*

*Most immigrants came from* __*Northern Europe*__*, usually from the* __*British Isles and Germany*__

*Where did most new immigrants arrive when they came to the US*

*The federal gov. opened* __*Ellis Island in New York City*__ *harbor as a* __*reception center*__

*What were some acts that limited immigration*

* __*Chinese Exclusion Act*__
* __*Webb Alien Land Act*__