APUSH Unit 7 Test

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50 Terms

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What did Twain mean by “Gilded Age”
* Refers to the period between 1875-1900
* Referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the __late 19th century__
* __**Thought it looked good but turned out not to be**__
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Who were the supporters of the Republican Party
* __Blacks__, __middle-class__ businessmen, __Protestants__
* Mostly the __**North**__
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Who were the supporters of the Democrat Party
* Big city __political machines, immigrants__
* Mostly the __**South**__
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During the Gilded Age, how did Americans feel about the role of the government
* They believed that the __role of gov. was strictly limited__
* Wanted to __restore__ what they believed was a more __normal political equilibrium__
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What is the spoils system
* Held that __after an election the victorious party should reward its supporters by giving them gov. jobs__
* Often meant __turning members of the opposing party out of their gov. positions__ and became a __major burden for presidents__ as heads of the office-rich executive branch
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What event led to the Pendleton Act and what did the act do
* __Garfield’s assassination__ convinced Congress that something had to be done about the spoils system
* PA: __took a number of gov. jobs out of political control__ __**(If you want to work for gov., you need to take a test)**__
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How did the political parties differ on tariffs
* __Republicans__ supported __high tariffs__ to protect American industry and jobs
* __Democrats__ wanted to __lower tariffs__
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What were political machines and what did they do
* __Highly structured organizations__ designed to __keep a leader and his associates in political power__
* __Provided working-class citizens jobs, loans, and other favors in exchange for their votes__
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*What was Tammany Hall and who was its boss*
* *Most* __*famous political machine*__
* *Boss was* __*William M. Tweed*__ (and a group from City Hall)
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Who were the candidates in 1876
* Republican, __Rutherford B. Hayes__
* Democrat, __Samuel J. Tilden__
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What did the Compromise of 1877 do
* The __end of a federal military presence__ and brought __**Reconstruction to an end**__
* Most __Southern African Americans and whites__ in the decades after the Civil War __remained poor farmers, and they fell further behind the rest of the nation__
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How did the gov. help railroads
US gov. __subsidized the building of the transcontinental railroad__ and __gave huge land grants to rail companies__ who sought to construct rail lines throughout the west
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What were railroads like in the east and who was the railroad leader there
* __Cornelius Vanderbilt__ lead the modernization of older tracks
* __Conversion of Eastern lines to common gauge steel rails__ and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one company
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What were the railroads like in the west and where did they eventually meet
* __Transcontinental railroad__ was constructed by the congressionally __appointed Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies__
* They __finally met__ on May 10, 1869, at __Promontory Point, Utah__, just north of the Great Salt Lake
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How did Bessemer revolutionize steel
Henry Bessemer revolutionized the production of steel when __he discovered a way to produce it faster and make it stronger__
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Describe Andrew Carnegie and what was vertical integration
* A young Scottish immigrant who saw a future in the production of steel and emerged as __one of the nation’s wealthiest men by the late 1800s through his Carnegie Steel Company__
* __Tactic where Carnegie controlled every aspect of the production process for steel__ from the mining of the ore to the distribution of the finished product
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Describe John D. Rockefeller and what was horizontal integration
* A __young businessman that soon joined Carnegie as one the nation’s wealthiest men__
* __Strategy__ was to __control one aspect of the production process of oil__, in this case, the refining stage
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*What is laissez-faire policy*
__*Economic system*__ *based on* __*natural market forces*__*, not governments,* __*should regulate the marketplace*__
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__**What did the Sherman Antitrust Act do**__
* An __attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were dominating the American economy__
* __Forbade__ the __creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade__
* __Failed__ to __specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial__ to customers and those that were __harmful__
* __Failed__ to __include__ any __real method of enforcement__
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What did the Homestead Act do
__Provided__ a settler with __160 acres of land__ if he __promised to live on it and work it for at least five years__
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Who is Thomas Nast
A __political cartoonist__ for Harper’s Weekly, became __William Tweed’s archenemy__ as he __began drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine’s corruption and greed__
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__**Who founded the settlement house movement, what did the house do and what was the first one**__
* Begun by young, college-educated, middle-class women, founded by __**Jane Addams**__
* The __Hull House__ was the first private social welfare agency, to __assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency__, and __help immigrants__ learn to speak English.
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What was the goal of the temperance movement
* Make __laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages__
* Believed prohibition __would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty__
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Who were the leaders of women’s suffrage and where in the US did women gain the right to vote
* __Elizabeth Cady Stanton__ and __Susan B Anthony__ formed the National American Woman Association
* Number of western states did allow women to vote by 1900, __Wyoming__ being the first
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__**What was the ruling in Plessy vs Ferguson**__
* Ruled that __because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment__
* Justices used the __“separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision__
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What were Jim Crow Laws
__Segregated public facilities__ from drinking fountains to hotel rooms
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__**Compare Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois**__
* __Washington__ argued that __“the agitation of the questions of social equality is the extremist folly”__
* __WEB DuBois__ would __demand an end to segregation and the granting of equal rights to all Americans__ (__**Talented 10th**__)
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What were three examples of Jim Crow laws
* __Poll Taxes__
* __Liberty Tests__
* __Grandfather Clause__
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Which case later overturned Plessy
The Plessy vs Ferguson ruling would later be overturned in 1954 by __Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka Kansas__
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What were tenement buildings
__Poorly built, overcrowded housing__ where __many immigrants lived__
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__**What did the Dawes Act do**__
* __Attempt to “civilize”__ __**Native Americans**__
* __Stripped tribes of their official federal recognition and land rights__ and would __grant individual Indian families land and citizenship in 25 years if they “behaved”__
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__**What did the Morrill Land-Grant Act do**__
* Intended to __stimulate higher education in the states__
* __Federal gov. gave hundreds of thousands of acres of public land to state governments__
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What was life like for those who attempted to farm in the west
* Conditions on the western plains were __harsh__
* Because of the __lack of trees and wood__, many settlers had to build their __homes out of sod__
* __Water__ was often in __short supply__, and __tainted sources of water spread diseases__ such as typhoid
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What were bonanza farms
* __Large farms__ that came to __overcome agricultural life__ in a lot of the west in the late 1800s.


* Large amounts of __machinery were used__, and __workers were hired laborers__, often performing only specific tasks
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Which was the first state to grant women’s suffrage
__Wyoming__ led the way in giving women the right to vote in statewide elections
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What were Exodusters
* Most __famous group of African Americans to leave the South for the West__
* They modeled their journey on the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promise Land
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What was the Grange and what did it do
* __Organization that formed farmer cooperatives__ to enable members to __enjoy economies of scale by buying and marketing products__
* __Organized politically and sponsored state legislation__ to regulate railroads and grain elevators
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Who was Mary Lease
Popular speaker, telling farmers to __“raise less corn and more hell”__
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__**What did the Interstate Commerce Act do**__
__Planned to regulate railroads but did not prove effective__
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What party represented farmers and what were some of its goals
* The __Populist Party__ hoped to __unite all working people across the country__
* Called for __increasing the amount of senators__, __gov. ownership of railroads__, and the __eight-hour day for workers__
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Who were the presidential candidates in 1896 and how did they differ
* Republican, __William McKinley__, conducted a __“front porch” campaign__
* Democrat, __William Bryan,__ __campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states__ of the Midwest
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Which party benefited from 1896
The debate of Bryan and the Populist free-silver movement initiated an __era of Republican dominance of the presidency and of both houses of Congress__
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What were some other effects of the election of 1896
* __Populist Demise__
* __Urban Dominance__
* __Beginning of Modern Politics__
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What was the Turner Thesis
* Jackson Turner asserted that the __American national character was shaped by the move west__
* He __argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences__
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What caused the creation of labor unions
* Labor was doing the __heavy lifting for the country__
* __Ten-plus hours a day, six days a week, and unsafe conditions__ created a vacuum that labor unions attempted to fill
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Describe the American Federation of Labor
Would see the __greatest and longest-lasting success of all unions__ because of their __use of collective bargaining and focus on “bread and butter” issues__
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What were some ways business handled labor dissent
* __Closing the factory__
* __“Locking out” the workers__
* __Keeping them from obtaining their day’s pay__
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*Where were most of the new immigrants from*
*Most immigrants came from* __*Northern Europe*__*, usually from the* __*British Isles and Germany*__
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*Where did most new immigrants arrive when they came to the US*
*The federal gov. opened* __*Ellis Island in New York City*__ *harbor as a* __*reception center*__
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*What were some acts that limited immigration*
* __*Chinese Exclusion Act*__
* __*Webb Alien Land Act*__