Studied by 17 people
Refers to the period between 1875-1900
Referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the late 19th century
Thought it looked good but turned out not to be
Blacks, middle-class businessmen, Protestants
Mostly the North
Big city political machines, immigrants
Mostly the South
They believed that the role of gov. was strictly limited
Wanted to restore what they believed was a more normal political equilibrium
Held that after an election the victorious party should reward its supporters by giving them gov. jobs
Often meant turning members of the opposing party out of their gov. positions and became a major burden for presidents as heads of the office-rich executive branch
Garfield’s assassination convinced Congress that something had to be done about the spoils system
PA: took a number of gov. jobs out of political control (If you want to work for gov., you need to take a test)
Republicans supported high tariffs to protect American industry and jobs
Democrats wanted to lower tariffs
Highly structured organizations designed to keep a leader and his associates in political power
Provided working-class citizens jobs, loans, and other favors in exchange for their votes
Most famous political machine
Boss was William M. Tweed (and a group from City Hall)
Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes
Democrat, Samuel J. Tilden
The end of a federal military presence and brought Reconstruction to an end
Most Southern African Americans and whites in the decades after the Civil War remained poor farmers, and they fell further behind the rest of the nation
Cornelius Vanderbilt lead the modernization of older tracks
Conversion of Eastern lines to common gauge steel rails and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one company
Transcontinental railroad was constructed by the congressionally appointed Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies
They finally met on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, just north of the Great Salt Lake
A young Scottish immigrant who saw a future in the production of steel and emerged as one of the nation’s wealthiest men by the late 1800s through his Carnegie Steel Company
Tactic where Carnegie controlled every aspect of the production process for steel from the mining of the ore to the distribution of the finished product
A young businessman that soon joined Carnegie as one the nation’s wealthiest men
Strategy was to control one aspect of the production process of oil, in this case, the refining stage
An attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were dominating the American economy
Forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade
Failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers and those that were harmful
Failed to include any real method of enforcement
Begun by young, college-educated, middle-class women, founded by Jane Addams
The Hull House was the first private social welfare agency, to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency, and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Make laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages
Believed prohibition would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony formed the National American Woman Association
Number of western states did allow women to vote by 1900, Wyoming being the first
Ruled that because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment
Justices used the “separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision
Washington argued that “the agitation of the questions of social equality is the extremist folly”
WEB DuBois would demand an end to segregation and the granting of equal rights to all Americans (Talented 10th)
Poll Taxes
Liberty Tests
Grandfather Clause
Attempt to “civilize” Native Americans
Stripped tribes of their official federal recognition and land rights and would grant individual Indian families land and citizenship in 25 years if they “behaved”
Intended to stimulate higher education in the states
Federal gov. gave hundreds of thousands of acres of public land to state governments
Conditions on the western plains were harsh
Because of the lack of trees and wood, many settlers had to build their homes out of sod
Water was often in short supply, and tainted sources of water spread diseases such as typhoid
Large farms that came to overcome agricultural life in a lot of the west in the late 1800s.
Large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks
Most famous group of African Americans to leave the South for the West
They modeled their journey on the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promise Land
Organization that formed farmer cooperatives to enable members to enjoy economies of scale by buying and marketing products
Organized politically and sponsored state legislation to regulate railroads and grain elevators
The Populist Party hoped to unite all working people across the country
Called for increasing the amount of senators, gov. ownership of railroads, and the eight-hour day for workers
Republican, William McKinley, conducted a “front porch” campaign
Democrat, William Bryan, campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states of the Midwest
Populist Demise
Urban Dominance
Beginning of Modern Politics
Jackson Turner asserted that the American national character was shaped by the move west
He argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences
Labor was doing the heavy lifting for the country
Ten-plus hours a day, six days a week, and unsafe conditions created a vacuum that labor unions attempted to fill
Closing the factory
“Locking out” the workers
Keeping them from obtaining their day’s pay
Chinese Exclusion Act
Webb Alien Land Act
