History Final

final flashcards

The Lutheran Movement: The Setup

When were people relatively unchurched

1. Not getting to church; Rarely taking sacraments
2. Popular religion
3. Elite religion is more orthodox

the 3 elements of The Lutheran Movement: The Setup

1. became a mix of popular superstition and Christianity
2. focused on here-and-now
3. survival is primary concern

3 aspects of popular religion

Alexander VI of Borgias

obsessed with money, power and wanted them for his four children

Cesare

was made bishop and a duke

Lucretia

was de facto pope in his absence

the ability to ignore all the major signs of religious dissatisfaction

what was Alexander VI of Borgias greatest skill

Leo X

forced to deal with the debt created in part by Julius II commissioning Michelangelo

Absenteeism and Pluralism

critical lack of leadership

qualifications

younger sons appointed, first son getting inheritance

Education

many illiterate, not theologically trained, brutal to flock

the Brethren of Common Life

where was Martin Luther trained

university of erfurt

where did martin luther study law

Augustinian order

what order did martin luther enter in his early life

1. basic reform
2. access to erasmus’s NT
3. concept of history
4. mysticism

what does everything in martin luthers early life have to do with humanism

the church

martin luther did not want to leave where

Martin Luther

who came up with salvation is not based on what you do it is based on faith

Justification by faith

wanted to remove James from the Bible

Transsubstantiation

bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ

indulgences

money for the remission of sins

purgatory

where they were purged of your sins

$600,000

how much did Michelangelo get paid to paint in todays money

indulgences

one thing the Roman Catholic Church had the idea of was

Pope Leo X

who sold indulgences for money

Johanne Tetzel

who is Pope Leo X master culer

Because Martin Luther said you can’t buy your way into heaven

why was Pope Leo X made at Martin Luther

the Ninety-Five Theses

what was written by Martin Luther and refines his argument

anfectugen

stabbing pain or guilt you feel when you know something is wrong

Johann Eck

who does the Church send to debate with Martin Luther

sola scriptura

all you need is the bible

martin luther

who declares sola scriptura

Ulrich Zwingli

made major contributions to the reform

1. his ability to present ideas
2. worked to reform clerical abuses
3. preached against selling indulgences

what three things is Ulrich Zwingli know for

someone protesting against the Roman Catholic Church

Ulrich Zwingli identifies as

protestant

Ulrich Zwingli identified himself as a

* sola scriptura
* faith

he believes in what and that people are saved by what

1. communion
2. The Lord’s Supper

Ulrich Zwingli takes what to things (not literally taking)

a court within the church to manage marital problems

what was Ulrich Zwinglis personal contribution

the families

Zwingli wants the church to help who

the idea of the church

what did Luther and Zwingli agree on

the sacraments

what did Luther and Zwingli disagree on

consubstantiation

Luther was ___

symbol

Zwingli was __

legal humanism

taking legal skills and applying them to religion

Calvanism

we are all predestined to heaven or hell, but since God is merciful some will be saved

University of Bourges

where did John Calvin study

Calvinism

puts salvation in the hands of God, you have nothing to do with it

martin Luther

says you are a good person to avoid guilt

Calvinism

says doing good works is evidence you have been chosen for heaven

1. change over time
2. origins
3. religion
4. state building

4 themes historians do

state building

which theme best describes this exam

England

the state building begins with

people have history/context, it matters when you were born

what does the Renaissance say about history?

John Locke

what Englishman do we begin with

Charles I

John Locke lives through the execution of who

England

who executed Charles I

1. Charles I
2. James I

who were the divine right kings

God chose them to rule and they answer to no one but God

what were divine right kings

1. the civil war in England
2. the Glorious Revolution

What other two things does John Locke live through

* divine right king
* constitutionalism/shared power

AT this point England is moving from what to what

1. absolutism
2. divine right ruler

John Locke says what two things are not good

tabula rasa

John Locke say that we are

that you are born with a blank slate, you aren’t born with something you learn it

what does tabula rasa mean

innate

Locke says there are no __ ideas

Robert Salposky

who says we are shaped by our environments

Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treaties of Civil Government

perhaps the first great argument for empiricism, a foundational text for the Enlightenment

Aristotle

who says you only know things through your five senses

tulip

what runs counter to what Calvinism stands for

T- total depravity

U-unconditional election (God is merciful)

L- limited allotment (not everyone will be selected)

I- irresistible grace (if you’ve chosen then you’re chosen)

P- perseverance of the saints

what does tulip mean

John Locke

If there are no natural laws, maybe there are natural rights

John Locke

everyone should have equal opportunity

contract

Government is part of a

popular sovereignty

power comes from the people

1. defense
2. law and order
3. taxes

the government is supposed to do what

John Locke

government is a contract but we give up some rights to the state but we are keeping our rights to private property

Thomas Hobbes

we give up all our rights to the government (sounds like absolutism) “Life is nasty, brutish, and short without society”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

we give up all our rights to the community. as a result, no one is more powerful than another

Rachel Carson

wrote a book called “Silent Spring” Mother of the modern environmental movement, one of her friends said- have you noticed we haven’t heard the birds sing in the morning, through scientific research that DDT through a process of biomagnification was weakening eggshells, so birds eating bugs that are contaminated with DDT, and the eggshells were weakened from DDT, therefore when the mothers sat on them they were fragile and broke them.

1. rejects the idea that humans are somehow stained by original sin


2. if humans are tabula rasa, then humanity can be improved
3. everyone, then, has a right to life, liberty, and property (except women and slaves, of course)
4. though he did not say it, logically gender becomes a social construct
5. relationships are not gender-based but are based on a social contract à i.e., the leader does rule as a husband to a wife

what were the 5 results of John Locke’s thinking

inevitable

constitutionalism was not

evolutionary

constitutionalism was

* popular sovereignty
* officials
* laws

constitutionalism is __ -- *and we elect that enforce* _

Crane Brinton

who wrote the anatomy of revolution

history as a pendulum

The Anatomy of Revolution says

pendulum

when looking at France think of it as a

divine right

the right side of the pendulum is

power in the hands of the people

the left side of the pedulum is

James I of England

ruled 1603 to 1625

James I

son of Mary Queen of Scots

Struats

James I was the first of the

Elizabeth

James I assumed the throne when who died

1. Divine right of kings
2. monarchs are subject to no authority but God
3. Kings are unrestrained by human laws

What were the Trew Laws of Free Monarchies

The Trew Law of Free Monarchies

How did James I rule successfully

Guy Fawkes Day

British observance, celebrated on November 5th commemorating the failure of the Gunpowder plot of 1605

Bonfire Night

Guy Fawkes Day was also known as

1. First English Bible → KJV in 1611
2. Creation of the Union Jack
3. Jamestown, Virginia

What were some of James I accomplishments

Nelle Harper Lee

Who wrote the first English Bible → KJV in 1611

1. olive oil
2. grapes
3. tobacco

What things did Jamestown, Virginia produce

60,000 pounds

How much tobacco was produce in 1622

500,000 pounds

how much tobacco was produced in 1628