CCJS451 Midterm

Moffitt’s causes of interruptions in development (5)

pre or postnatal exposure to:

• drugs

• poor nutrition

• injury

• toxins

• lack of stimulation

What does RNR stand for?

Risk-Need-Responsivity model

RNR’s central 8 risk factors

1. antisocial attitudes

2. antisocial peers

3. antisocial personality pattern

4. history of antisocial behavior

5. family/marital factors

6. lack of achievement in education/employment

7. lack of personal leisure activities

8. substance abuse

define criminogenic needs

dynamic or “changeable” risk factors that contribute to someone’s likelihood of committing crime

non-criminogenic needs (6)

self esteem, anxiety, lack of parenting skills, medical needs, victimization, learning disability

offender strengths in the responsivity principle (5)

computer skills, strong family relationships, high educational level, history of stable employment, strong ties to recovering community

an RNR assessment identifies…

offender risk level, criminogenic needs, and specific responsivity factors

what does intellectual enrichment target?

low intelligence and attainment

what do social skills/competence programs target?

impulsivity, low empathy, and self-centeredness

primary target areas for early intervention (where)

home, school, community

examples of early interventions

• preschool intellectual enrichment and child skills training

• parent education and parental management programs

• after school programs

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

formal criminal justice perspective of crime

where does UCR data come from?

police departments

critiques of the UCR

can be manipulated, only covers reported crimes

NIBRS (National Incidence Based Reporting System)

most used crime database, reports on multiple offenses per incident (50 data elements per incident)

issues with DARE (4)

• provides knowledge of drug use

• impacts attitudes on drug use less

• less focus on development of social skills

• only 1/3 of the effect of other programs

4 ways to improve EBPs (evidence based practices)

• quality of evaluations (methodologically sound)

• review multiple studies

• examine what is known/unknown

• maintain checks and balances

good teaching approaches for effective interventions (5)

• interactive teaching

• hands-on experience

• verbal or written practices

• development of cognitive, language, and social skills

• don’t over rely on one type of method

constructivism

reality is constructed by society and culture, facts are not necessarily relevant

subjectivism

reality is based on opinion

objectivism

reality is based on observable facts

Moffitt’s 3 typologies of offenders

Life-course persistent, adolescence-limited, and non-participants

life-course persistent offenders

start antisocial acts early and continue beyond adolescence

continuity is the primary characteristic

in life-course persistent offenders, the underlying trait…

remains the same but expression changes as new social opportunities arise

adolescence-limited offenders

start and finish criminality in teenage years

change or discontinuity occurs abruptly

adolescence-limited offenders are only antisocial when it’s…

instrumental

non-participants in crime may have not… (3)

• experienced the maturity gap

• been motivated to experiment with crime

• had access to antisocial role models

in high risk offenders, more treatment…

decreases likelihood of recidivism

in low risk offenders, more treatment…

increases likelihood of recidivism

about __% of society are life-course persistent offenders

5

the ______ of individuals are adolescent-limited offenders

majority

technical report

assessment by researchers/scholars of a program or intervention’s effectiveness

urban residents are ______ as likely to fear crime as rural

twice

who has the highest fear of crime?

the elderly

Sampson and Laub made which theory?

age-graded theory

how do Sampson and Laub define “state dependence”?

onset, persistence or desistence depends on events that occur that either enhance or diminish risk of offending

how do Sampson and Laub define “turning points”?

events that shift state dependence

what is Sampson and Laub’s “age-graded theory”?

the stability of causal factors in the social environment produces stability of behavior

changes in those factors cause changes in behavior

in adults, intensive supervision led to ______ violation rates

higher

cross sectional studies

allow researchers to study a phenomenon or the relationship between variables at one point in time

what are the two terms for when people stop offending?

desistance and cessation

what is dosage?

length of treatment, number of sessions, spacing of sessions, and duration of the total program

4 issues with program evaluations

• resources

• lack of uniform criteria

• documentation and monitoring

• communication breakdown

up to ___% of people have offended in their life

96

what was Martinson’s general finding?

recidivism is not affected by rehabilitative efforts

why was Martinson’s work so popular? (3 reasons)

• timing (war on drugs/crime in 1974)

• publication in public interest rather than scientific journal

• worded in a Q/A format

social context of Martinson’s work

during the 1960s-early 70s, violent and property crime were increasing

politicians took it as an agenda item and LBJ declared his war on crime in the 60s, and Nixon doubled down on it after

principles of effective intervention (9)

• comprehensive

• varied teaching methods

• sufficient dosage

• theory driven

• positive relationship building

• appropriate timing

• socioculturally relevant

• outcome evaluations

• well-trained staff

Loeber’s 3 developmental pathways

overt, covert, and authority conflict

Loeber’s overt pathway

low initial level of aggression and escalating with time

ultimately more likely to be involved in serious violent behavior

Loeber’s covert pathway

initiate offending before age 15, then escalates to property damage/fraud, then into theft/burglary

Loeber’s authority conflict pathway

early onset of stubbornness and defiance

6 ways to get police legitimacy

• procedural justice

• favorable outcomes

• improving neighborhood conditions

• effectiveness in fighting crime

• reduce fear of crime

• favorable outcomes in police interactions

what was Morenoff’s theoretical integration?

integrated routine activities theory with social disorganization and collective efficacy

what three variables are in Morenoff’s theoretical integration?

motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of a capable guardian

Morenoff set collective efficacy related to…

capable guardian

Morenoff set social disorganization related to…

suitable targets

Morenoff’s theoretical integration evaluated each variable ______

spatially

the main difference between social disorganization and collective efficacy is?

social capital is emphasized in collective efficacy

what is social capital?

networks, norms and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit

collective efficacy is…

a community’s ability to unite for the common good and intervene against wrongdoing

the 1984 sentencing reform act established _______ and limited _________

mandatory minimums, judicial discretion

the anti-drug abuse act of 1986 established…

crack mandatory minimum

the __________ reform act was in 2017

mandatory minimum

real world thesis of media impacts on fear of crime

fear is shaped by objective conditions

cultivation thesis of media impacts on fear of crime

fear is shaped by media messages that the world is a scary place

substitution thesis of media impacts on fear of crime

media messages substitute for lack of personal experience

resonance thesis of media impacts on fear of crime

media messages reinforce personal experience

etiological theories

focus on identifying the cause of the problem

intervention theories

focus best methods for changing the etiological risk factors

casual identification allows for…

empirical evaluation

prior to life-course findings, violent behavior was seen as being…

a static trait

heterotypic continuity (life-course theory)

childhood behavior does not necessarily translate to identical behavior in adulthood, but it may be associated with conceptually consistent behavior

LSI-R: Level of Service Inventory

RNR assessment which evaluates the 8 central risk factors

CRAI - Criminal Attribution Inventory

RNR self-report measure that assesses the endorsement of various causes of crime

CRAI proactive items measure…

the extent to which society contributes to the crime

CRAI reactive items measure…

the extent to which other factors (mental illness, substance abuse) contribute to crime

CRAI acquisitive items measure…

the extent to which a person’s personality or actions contribute to their likelihood of being victimized

life-course theory focuses on the link between ______ and _______

childhood behaviors, adult outcomes

life course theory defines age differentiation as…

differences by age in expectations/options for decision making

life-course trajectory

pathway of development over the lifespan

what are the 5 items in the life-course trajectory?

work, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior

life-course theory defines trajectories as…

long-term sequences or patterns of behavior

life-course theory defines transitions as…

marked by specific life events within trajectories

some are age-graded and some are not

life-course theory also focuses on _______ ________ of social patterns

intergenerational transmissions

life-course theory also focuses on the effects of _________ and _________ on individual life histories

macro-level events, structural location

offense frequency peaks around age ____

16

ages ____ to ____ show the highest rates of convictions, and it __________ throughout adulthood

17, 20, gradually decreases

after multiple offenses, people are far more likely to offend from ____ to _____ offense

3rd, 10th

what is the impact of earlier age of onset on long-term offending?

it increases the likelihood

the average age of desistance is ____ to ____

20, 29

in multiple offenders, the average time between the first and last offense (or criminal career) is ______ years

10.4

the Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is primarily responsible for _________.

truth-in-sentencing legislation

Hirschi and Gottfredson’s self-control theory suggests that…

parental neglect fails to instill self-control which has far reaching effects of future behaviors

Hirschi and Gottfredson suggest that the age of initiation is…

8

Sampson and Laub’s theory originated from…

the idea that Hirschi and Gottfredson were wrong

where Sampson and Laub relied heavily on _________ theories, Giordano relied on ____________

control, social learning

Giordano’s Social Learning Perspective suggests that…

learning definitions that are favorable to breaking the law increase potential to engage in crime

Giordano suggests that learning __________ is influential in the ___________ process

redefinitions, desistance

according to social learning DLC (developmental life course), motivation _________ over the life course and the degree of control differs due to ____________

remains constant, life events in the control model