1.06 - intracellular signaling

what is transduction?

what are some other signaling events that involve the membrane?

explain how an extracellular signal can cause effects within the cell; what is the process?

what are some examples of effects effector proteins can have

• protein kinases

• transcription factors

how are intracellular signals inactivated?

review the typical components of signal transduction

what are the 3 types of cell membrane receptors?

how do G-protein-coupled receptors work?

describe the structure of GPCRs

how do G_s GPCRs work?

once activated, what does PKA do?

describe the transitions from ATP → cAMP → 5’AMP

what is the pattern for all G protein mechanisms?

for G_s what is the associated

• subunit?

• subunit activity 

• biochemical effects

• biological impacts

for Gi what is the associated

• subunit?

• subunit activity 

• biochemical effects

• biological impacts

for Gq what is the associated

• subunit?

• subunit activity 

• biochemical effects

• biological impacts

for Gt what is the associated

• subunit?

• subunit activity 

• biochemical effects

• biological impacts

describe the second messeger systems of Gq GPCR

explain the Ca2+ concentration in the cell and how is can be used to cause effects in the cell

how does Ca2+ interact with calmodulin?

describe the pathway of a Gq GPCR

how does Gi GPCR work?

what are enzyme-coupled receptors?

what is the pathway of RTKs?

compare PLC and PI3K

describe the PI3K → PDK1 → Akt pathway

describe the resting membrane potential and concentration of K+ and Na+

describe the resting membrane potential and concentration of Calcium

what happens when sodium enters the cell? potassium leaves the cell? calcium enters the cell?

what are the steps of nitric oxide-mediated signalling?

what makes nitric oxide signalling unique?