Studied by 1 person
constitutionalism
government power is limited by law → balance between power of government and rights and libterties of individuals
gentry
wealthy non-noble landowners in the countryside who dominated house of commons → moved from middle to upper class
House of Commons
England’s lower house in Parliament
Stuart Dynasty
Ruled England for most of the 17th century
James I (1603-1625)
first of the absolute rulers → divine right of kings and was absolute
Dissolved Parliament twice over issues of taxation and parliamentary demands for free speech
Charles I (1625-1649)
Son of James I → also absolute and wanted to control Church of England → tax issues with parliament
Petition of Right, 1628
Parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases
“Short Parliament”
a Scottish military revolt in 1639-1640 occured when Charles attempted to impose the English Common Book of Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian Church → Charles I declared war on his own Parliament
“Long Parliament”
desperate for money after the schottish invasion of northern England in 1640, Charles I finally agreed to certain demands by Parliament → could not be dissolved without its own consent, meet once every 3 years, common court laws over kings, etc.
English Civil War
Charles tried to arrest several Puritan members of Parliament (MPs) but a crowd of 4000 came to Parliament’s defense
Cavaliers
supported the king → clergy and members of anglican church, old gentry members, Irish Catholics
Roundheads
opposed the king → mostly Puritans and Presbyterians, allied with Scotland
Oliver Cromwell (1653-1658)
a fiercly Puritan Independent and military leader of the Roundheads, eventually led his New Model Army to victory in 1649, then became his own absolute leader in England
Independent
Cronwell was this as a Puritan leading his New Model Army
New Model Army
The army that Cromwell led to victory
Pride’s Purge
Parliment debated whether to restore Charles to the throne → Charles I beheaded
Quakers
Believed in an inner light, a divine spark
Rejected Church authority
Allowed women to play a role in preaching
Interregnum
rule without a king → The Commonwealth: a republic that abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
Protectorate
Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector (a Puritan dictatorship was created)
Restoration
Cromwell died and the Stuarts returned to the throne
Charles II (1660-1685)
A Cavalier Parliament restored unter Charles II → agreed to abide by Parliament’s rules
Clarendon Code
Instituted in 1661 by monarchists and Anglicans who sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life
Test Act, 1673
excluded those unwilling to recieve the sacrament of the Churhc of England from voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attendign universities, or assembing for meetings
Habeas Corpus Act, 1679
The Whig Parliament sought to limits Charles’ power
James II (1685-1688)
sought to return England to Catholicism
“Glorious Revolution”
Parliament was not willing to sacrifice constitutional gains of the English Civil War and return to absolute monarchy → didn’t like James II
William and Mary
were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament → signed Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
made Enlgand a constitutional monarchy
constitutional monarchy
both parliament and the monarch share power
parlimentary sovereignty
Parliament is more surpreme than monarch
John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)
stated that people create a government to protect their “natural rights” of life liberty and property
Toleration Act, 1689
granted the right to worship for Protestant non-conformists although they could nto hold office, did not extend religious liberties to Catholics, Jews, or Unitarians
Act of Settlement, 1701
If King William or Anne died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager, or to her Protestant heirs
Act of Union, 1707
United England and Scotland into Great Britain
Great Britain
The result of the Act of Union in 1707
Cabinet system
Leading ministers, who were members of the House of Commons and had the support of the majority of its members, made common policy and conducted the business of the country
Prime Minister
a member of the majority that was the leader of the government
Robert Walpole
viewed as the first Prime Minister in British history
Dutch Republic (Netherlands)
first half of the 17th century was a golden age → oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and to protect traditional rights
stadholder
each Dutch province elected this as a governor and military leader
Dutch Reformed Church
charactertized by religious toleration → Calvanism was the dominant religion → split between this and Arminian faction
Arminianism
Calvanism without the belief of predestination
Amsterdam
became the banking and commercial center of Europe in the 17th century → mercantalism
Dutch East India Company
cooperature ventures of private enterprise and the state → had a trade monopoly in spices in India
Dutch Style
human centered painting style with naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation was encouraged through the patronage of both princes and commercial elites → reflected Dutch Republic's wealth and religious toleration
Rembrandt van Rijn
painter, maybe the greatest of Baroque-era artists, had some Dutch Style art
VJan ermeer
his paintings specialized in domestic interior scenes of ordianry people
Frans Hals
he painted protraits of middle class people and military companies
absolutism
The concept of absolutism was derived from the traditional assumption of power (e.g. heirs to the throne) and the belief in “divine right of kings.”
sovereignty
the authority of a state to govern itself or another state → was embodied in the person of the ruler
Jean Bodin
He was among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states → he lived and wrote during the chaos of the French Civil Wars of the late 16th century → he believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government.
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
He articulated a pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature: he stated political sovereignty is derived from the people who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract, his ideas justified absolute monarchy
Bishop Bossuet
He was the principle advocate of “divine right of kings” in France during the reign of Louis XIV.
three estates
First Estate: clergy; 1% of population
Second Estate: nobility; 3-4% of population
Third Estate: bourgeoisie (middle class), artisans, urban workers, and peasants.
Henry IV
He laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in the 17th century.
He strengthened the social hierarchy by strengthening government institutions: parlements (councils of noble judges), the treasury, universities, and the Catholic Church.
He was the first king to actively encourage French colonization in the New World; this stimulated the Atlantic trade.
Bourbon Dynasty
came to power in 1589 as part of a political compromise to end the French Civil Wars → He converted from Calvinism to Catholicism in order to gain recognition from Paris for his reign → He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598
nobility of the sword
was not allowed to influence the royal council.
nobility of the robe
new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became highofficials in the government and remained loyal to the king
Duke of Sully
Finance minister → His reforms enhanced the power of the monarchy.
Louis XIII
As a youth, his regency was beset by corruption and mismanagement → Feudal nobles and princes increased their power. Certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile
his mother.
Cardinal Richelieu
laid the foundation for absolutism in France.
Intendant system
Used to weaken the nobility
Gov’t became more efficient and centrally controlled.
He built upon Sully’s economic achievements in further developing mercantilism.
He increased taxation to fund the military although his tax policies were not as successfully as Sully’s.
Peace of Alais
Huguenots lost their fortified cities and Protestant armies.
Louis XIV, Sun King
Quintessential absolute ruler in European history → He personified the idea that the sovereignty of the state resides in the ruler.
“L’etat, c’est moi"
“I am the state” → Louis XIV saying
Fronde
Some nobles revolted against Mazarin when Louis was between the ages of 5 and 11. A civil war among various noble factions enabled Mazarin to defeat the nobles.
Cardinal Mazarin
controlled France while Louis XIV was a child.
corvee
forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects.
Versailles Palace
Under Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe.
Edict of Fountainbleu
revoked the Edict of Nantes → Huguenots lost their right to practice Calvinism
Jansenists
Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas
mercantilism
State control over a country’s economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries
bullionism
defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
French mercantilism reached its height under Louis’ finance minister → goal: economic self-sufficiency for France
balance of power
No one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power
Nine Years’ War
(War of the League of Augsburg) → Louis launched another invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1683. In response the League of Augsburg formed in 1686: HRE,Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Dutch Republic → William of Orange (now king of England) brought England in against France. The war ended with the status quo prior to the war.
War of the Spanish Succession
The will of Charles II (Spanish Habsburg king) gave all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV. The Grand Alliance emerged in opposition to France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savoy
Treaty of Utrecht
It maintained the balance of power in Europe and it ended the expansionism of Louis XIV.
Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659
marked end of Spain as a Great Power
Baroque
Baroque art reflected the age of absolutism.
Gian Bernini
personified Baroque architecture and sculpture.
Schonbrunn
Hapsburg emperor Leopold I built this in Austria in response to the Versailles Palace.
Winter Palace
one of the most glorious examples of Baroque architecture in Russia.
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish painter → He worked much for the Habsburg court in Brussels → emphasized color and sensuality; animated figures and melodramatic contrasts; monumental size → mostly Chritian subjects
Diego Velazquez
Perhaps the greatest court painter of the era → He painted numerous portraits of the Spanish court of Philip IV and their surroundings.
J.S. Bach
Greatest of the Baroque composers
George Frideric Handel
he wrote in a variety of genre → His masterpiece is the oratorio The Messiah.
Holy Roman Empire
Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist princes.
Ottoman Empire
It could not maintain possessions in eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion.
Suleiman the Magnificent
was perhaps the most powerful ruler in the world during the 16th century → He nearly conquered Austria in 1529, and captured Belgrade (Serbia), nearly 1/2 of eastern Europe including all Balkan territories, most of Hungary, and part of southern Russia.
Janissary Corps
Those Christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureaucracy served loyally instead in the Turkish army.
Polish Kingdom
Used liberum veto
liberum veto
voting in the Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom
serfdom
after 1300, lords in eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. → Areas most affected included Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary, eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. The drop in population in the 14th century (especially from the “Black Death”) created tremendous labor shortages and hard times for nobles.
robot
In certain regions, peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord.
Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire)
The ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as the Holy Roman Emperor. After the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the Spanish throne was now occupied by the Bourbons; Habsburg power was concentrated in Austria. The Austrian Habsburg Empire included: Naples, Sardinia, and Milan in Italy
Bohemia
The Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of Thirty Years’ War. Ferdinand II (1619-1637) redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers from all over Europe. Conditions for serfs declined.
Austria proper
centralized by Ferdinand III (1637-1657). Ferdinand created a permanent standing army which was unprecedented for the Habsburg empire
Hungary
was the third and largest part of its dominion.
Leopold I
He severely restricted Protestant worship.
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