HDFS 2100 Exam 3

Benefits of Marriage

Healthier lifestyle
Longer life expectancy
More satisfying sex life
More wealth/economic assets
Happier/safer environment for children

Trends in Black Marriage

Higher income
More conflict
Men benefit more than women

Components of Successful Marriage

Independent and mature
Love each other and selves
Enjoy being together and apart
Know selves
Established in occupations
Assertiveness
Foundation in friendship
Enlightened self-interest

Assertiveness

Expressing oneself in a direct and positive manner, component of successful marriage.

Law of Enlightened Self-Interest

When you focus on your partner's needs, they tend to focus on yours; component of successful marriage.

Marriage Encounter

Largest marriage education program (1970s).

The Healthy Marriage

Marriage education initiative funded at the federal level (2006).

Stages of Premarital Education

Premarital inventory
Training
Discussion group
Continued enrichment

Premarital Inventory

Couples should assess and receive feedback from a trusted source about it.

Driver's 3 Types of Marriage

Validating
Volatile
Conflict-avoiding

Gottman's Divorce Predictors

Emotional disengagement
Four Horsemen
Flooding
Bad memories

Four Horsemen

Developed by the Gottman Institute; criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling.

Family of Origin

Family in which an individual was raised throughout childhood.

Vitalized Couples

Strength in communication, conflict resolution, sexual relationship, and finances.

Harmonious Couples

Strength in roles and the ability to resolve conflicts.

Conventional Couples

Strength in spiritual beliefs, roles, and support networks.

Conflicted Couples

Limited strengths, require growth.

Devitalized Couples

Strength in seeking marital therapy.

Role of Self-Forgiveness

Leads to compassion towards self when mistakes are made and provides more marital satisfaction.

Role of Sacrifice

Expresses overall commitment and leads to mutual trust.

Role of Prayer

Forgiveness and a relationship/communication with God lead to satisfaction (amen).

Federal Healthy Marriage Initiative

Attempt to promote healthy marriage throughout a more diverse population, focusing on minority couples specifically.

Wilcox

Said that married/cohabiting parents have a higher degree of happiness than single parents.

Factors of High Marital/Parenting Quality

More education
More financial resources
Sharing responsibilities
Support from family/friends
Faith
Shared beliefs
Sexual satisfaction
Generosity

Characteristics of Successful Adoption

Exploring: Open/healthy expectations
Demonstrating: Stability, quality, flexibility
Creating: Openly acknowledging/communicating situation
Understanding: Intensity of commitment/possible issues

Child-Free Alternative

Growing in popularity due to raised costs, wage gaps, and expectations placed on women.

Accelerated-Consensus Trajectory

Same political/personal reproduction beliefs.

Mutual-Negotiation Trajectory

No prior discussion of reproductive beliefs, therefore, the decision is being made together.

Unilateral-Persuasion Trajectory

One partner with stronger reproductive beliefs influences the other who does not have an opinion.

Bilateral-Persuasion Trajectory

Both partners have strong, opposing reproductive beliefs.

Parental Support

Amount of affection a parent exhibits.

Parental Control

Amount of flexibility a parent uses in disciplining child.

Democratic Parenting

Clear rules and expectations; self-reliant, cheerful, and high-achieving child.

Authoritarian Parenting

Rigid rules and strict expectations; conflicted, irritable, unstable, and unhappy child.

Permissive Parenting

Allows child's preferences to take over; impulsive, rebellious, and under-achieving child.

Rejecting Style Parenting

Pay little attention to child's needs; immature and psychologically challenged child.

Uninvolved Parenting

Allow child's preferences to prevail as long as parent is uninterrupted; solitary, withdrawn, and under-achieving child.

Behaviorist Theory

Operate from learning theory/reinforcement perspective.

Bidirectional Effects

Both the parents effect the child and the child effects the parents.

Psychodynamic Theory

Places importance on a positive emotional environment.

Organismic Theory

Strongly encourages developmentally appropriate toys and activities.

TLC Discipline Approach

Time; must be spent with child
Limits; if set higher, expectations should be higher too
Care; must be expressed

Positive Discipline

Focuses on teaching responsible behavior; shows honor and love to the child.

Corporal Punishment

Use of physical force as behavioral control; is ineffective and leads to further behavioral problems.

Cascading Circumstance

Stress builds to a point where parents use harsh punishment.

NICHD Study of Early Childcare

Higher quality leads to better outcome
Time spent in childcare matters
Different impacts depending on age
Parents/family are more influential than childcare

Coparenting

How parents coordinate and support each other.

Single Mothers

Higher levels of stress, lower income.

Absent Father Phenomenon

Limited initiative of father figure to act as a provider, protector, and caregiver. Leads to poor outcomes.

Middle Age

Age 35-65; between early and late adulthood, overcoming old challenges and facing new ones.

Baby Boom Generation

Post WWII sudden rise in birth and population increase.

Midlife Crisis/Correction

Not necessarily bad but more of a transitional stage, reevaluation of goals, no research to support.

Menopause

Cessation of reproductive ability and menstrual periods for women. Many uncomfortable physiological and emotional symptoms.

Andropause

Male menopause, emotional/physical changes due to a decline in hormone production.

Empty-Nest Syndrome

Feelings of depression when children move out of the house. Can be a positive experience with more free room, time, and finances.

Boomerang Kids

Adult children who return home.

Cluttered Nest

When adult children return home post-grad in order to establish self and save money.

Sandwich Generation

Caretaking of children and aging parents at the same time.

Crisp Retirement

Making a clean break from employment and stopping work entirely.

Blurred Retirement

Repeatedly leaving and returning to work.

Young-Old

65-74 years; retired, in good health, and capable of following new interests.

Old-Old

75-84 years; begin to show age and have more age related issues.

Oldest-Old

85+; commonly characterized by frailty, loneliness, and poverty.

Centenarians

100-109 years old.

Supercentenarians

110+ years old.

Psychological Phenomenon

Mental attitude one has of their past achievements and possibilities of the future.

Biological Reality

Variation among older adults capabilities due to genetics.

Social Phenomenon

How one's social class and standing effects their life expectancy/health.

Family Process

How family members' attitudes lead one to define themselves as they age.

Ageism

Prejudging an older person negatively solely due to their age.

Stress

Daily pressure that is encountered by everyone and how we react to it.

Coping

Actions taken when something is identified as stressful.

Homes & Rahe Social Readjustment Rating

Physical and emotional issues that present throughout major and minor life changes; links stress and physical illness.

Ambiguous Loss

When part of someone becomes absent, but they haven't actually died.

"A" in Family Crisis Model

Stressor event

"B" in Family Crisis Model

Crisis-meeting resources

"C" in Family Crisis Model

Definition given to the event

"X" in Family Crisis Model

Crisis

Family Crisis Model

Deployment

Military personnel leaves the family and engages in training/combat.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Results from traumatic event, disrupts relationships, and is treated with a combination of drugs, therapy, and social networks.

Chinese View of Crisis

That it is dangerous, yet provides opportunity.

Intimate Terrorism

Violence enacted as one partner takes control over another.

Violence Resistance

Response to a partner's abuse.

Situational Couple Violence

When there is a contentious situation within the relationship.

Family Systems Perspective of Abuse

Child from an abusive home has learned how to be a victim and victimize others.

Learned Helplessness Perspective of Abuse

Those who are battered tend to lose sense of confidence.

Catharsis Conflict

Process of venting anger verbally; can lead to physical abuse or loss of control.

Equality Wheel