hesi a2

what is found in the epidermis

• Melanocyte

• Langerhan cells

• Keratinocyte

what is not found in the epidermis

• Melanocyte

• Langerhan cells

• Blood vessels

• Keratinocyte

blood vessels

The layer of skin that contains a high number of blood vessels, as well as elastic and collagen fibers is the ____________

dermis

what is the stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead keratinized cells that provide a barrier to environmental damage and water loss.

Langerhan cells

Specialized immune cells in the epidermis that help detect foreign substances and trigger an immune response.

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial layer?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

Which layer of the epidermis contains flattened polygonal cells

• Stratum basale

• Stratum spinosum

• Stratum granulosum

• Stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

Which part of the skin contains melanocytes?

• Stratum lucidum

• Stratum germinativum

• Stratum corneum

• Stratum granulosum

Stratum germinativum

Apocrine sweat glands____________.

become active during puberty

What is the function of the ceruminous gland?

To protect the outer ear

Sebaceous glands are absent in the __________.

palms and soles

Hematopoiesis:

This refers to the production of blood cells occurs in the bone marrow.

Which type of bone has a diaphysis and two epiphyses

Long bone

diaphysis

the middle part of the bone

epiphyses

the end of a bone

Which of the following correctly describes spongy bone?

• A Meshwork of plates that contains lamellae and osteocytes between each layer

• A Parallel central canal surrounded by concentric rings of lamella

• A Hard, dense outer layer that makes up 80% of the bones of the body

• The part of the bone found in the shaft of long bones

A Meshwork of plates that contains lamellae and osteocytes between each layer

The shaft of a long bone is called __________.

diaphysis

Which of the following correctly describes the epiphysis?

the end of the long bone

Cells responsible for forming new bones are called _________________.

osteoblasts

Osteocytes are _______

mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Which of the following represents the correct order of vertebrae from superior to inferior?

• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

• Cervical, sacrum, thoracic, lumbar, coccyx

• Cervical, lumbar, thoracic, coccyx, sacrum

• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccyx, sacrum

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Nervous tissues that support a neuron are called ______________.

neuroglia or glial cells.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the interneuron

neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system

Which of the following is not a part of the central nervous system?

• Ganglion

• Cerebellum

• Medulla oblongata

• Spinal cord

ganglion

What kind of neuron is likely to be found in the posterior horn of the spinal cord?

Sensory

Which of these neurons is not found in the peripheral nervous system?

• Interneuron

• Adrenergic neuron

• Efferent neuron

• Somatic neuron

Interneuron is a type of neuron that primarily functions within the central nervous system, connecting sensory and motor pathways

How many spinal nerves are present in a human?

31 pairs

Which structure in the eye is responsible for color vision?

cones

Which of the following structures in the retina is responsible for night vision?

rods

The central part of the retina with high visual acuity (sharpness) is called the  __________.

Macula

fovea

a small depression within the neurosensory retina where visual acuity is the highest.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes how light rays from an object get to the retina?

• Cornea – lens – aqueous humor – pupil – vitreous humor – retina

• Cornea – aqueous humor – pupil – lens – vitreous humor – retina

• Cornea – vitreous humor – pupil – lens – aqueous humor – retina

• Cornea – aqueous humor – lens – pupil – vitreous humor – retina

Cornea – aqueous humor – pupil – lens – vitreous humor – retina

Which of the following is not found in the bony labyrinth of the ear?

• Cochlea

• Vestibule

• Auditory ossicles

• Semicircular canals

Auditory ossicles

Which structure in the ear is most sensitive to horizontal movement?

The utricle, a part of the vestibular system

Which of the following describes the function of the saccule?

involved in detecting vertical movements and aiding in balance.

Which structure generates auditory nerve impulses recognized by the brain?

organ of Corti, located in the cochlea,

Which of the following amplifies sound waves?

stapes

Which structure is responsible for equalizing ear pressure?

Eustachian tube

Auricle/Pinna	Funnels sound waves to the external auditory canal
External auditory canal	Funnels sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane	Conducts sound waves to the middle ear
Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)	Amplify sound waves picked from the tympanic membrane and send to the oval window
Cochlea	Picks sound waves from the oval window and sends vibrations to the organ of Corti
Organ of Corti	Generates auditory nerve impulses and transmits them to the brain
Semicircular canals	Rotatory balance
Utricle	Balance following motion in the horizontal plane
Saccule	Balance following motion in the vertical plane
Eustachian tube	Equalizes ear pressure

the ear

The cristae ampullaris is found in the _________ .

semicircular canals

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the passage of sound waves?

• Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – stapes – incus – malleus – round window – organ of Corti – brain

• Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – round window – organ of Corti – brain

• Auricle – external auditory meatus – tympanic membrane – stapes – incus – malleus – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

• Auricle – external auditory canal – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

Auricle – external auditory canal – tympanic membrane – malleus – incus – stapes – oval window – organ of Corti – brain

• The rod-like structure that makes up muscle fibers is called _____________.

Myofibrils

The functional unit of the myofibril is called ____________.

Sarcomere

Which of the following is not a part of the thin myofilament?

• Actin

• Myosin

• Troponin

• Tropomyosin

Myosin

Which of the following cleaves ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction?

Myosin

During muscle contraction, calcium molecules are released from ____________.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following hormones will act on membrane receptors?

insulin

Which anterior pituitary hormone is correctly matched with its target tissue?

Luteinizing hormone-gonads

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone-body tissues

• Growth hormone-adrenal cortex

• Prolactin-uterus

luteinizing hormone - gonads

Growth hormone releasing hormone	Growth hormone	Growth of skeleton and soft tissue
Gonadotropin releasing hormone	Follicle stimulating hormone	Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males
Gonadotropin releasing hormone	Luteinizing hormone	Stimulates ovulation in females and production of testosterone in males
Corticotropin releasing hormone	Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Stimulates secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
Thyrotropin releasing hormone	Thyroid stimulating hormone	Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone/Prolactin inhibitory hormone	Prolactin	Stimulates development of the mammary gland and milk production

Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary, which promotes growth of skeleton and soft tissue.

Which of the following is correct about steroid hormones?

Lipophilic and act on intracellular receptors

• steroid hormones: These are hydrophobic so they are carried by protein transporters in the blood. When they get to their target tissue, they cross the cell membrane and act on receptors inside the cell. Steroid hormones are produced mainly by the gonads (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) and the adrenal glands (cortisol and aldosterone).

• Non-steroid hormones: Non-steroid hormones (examples are polypeptide hormones and glycopeptides) are hydrophilic. They are carried by blood to their target tissue. As they are lipophobic and are not fat soluble, they do not cross the plasma membrane but bind to receptors on the cell surface. Examples are insulin, thyroid hormone, glucagon, etc. Most hormones are non-steroid hormones.

• Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

• Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in females and production of testosterone in males.

Folate-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that plays a crucial role in reproductive processes, promoting ovarian follicle development in females and facilitating sperm production in males.

Which of the following glands is correctly paired with its hormone?

• Parathyroid gland-Thyroid hormone

• Pancreas-Glucagon

• Adrenal cortex-Epinephrine

• Gonads-Follicle stimulating hormone

pancreas - glucagon

Antidiuretic hormone is released from the _________ and acts on the ______________.

posterior pituitary, kidneys to regulate water balance

Adrenal cortex	Cortisol	Metabolism, anti-inflammatory, stress
Adrenal cortex	Aldosterone	Regulation of electrolytes
Pancreas	Insulin	Lowers blood sugar via glycolysis and glycogenesis
Pancreas	Glucagon	Increases blood sugar via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Thyroid gland	Thyroid hormone	Metabolism, growth, and development
Parathyroid gland	Parathyroid hormone	Calcium homeostasis
Gonads	Estrogen	Secondary sex characteristics
Gonads	Testosterone	Secondary sex characteristics

Adrenal cortex secretes hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, which regulate metabolism, the stress response, and electrolyte balance.

Which hormone plays a role in calcium metabolism?

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone

• Growth hormone, testosterone, and follicle stimulating hormone

• Adrenaline, thyroid stimulating hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone

• Oxytocin, prolactin, and estrogen

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone

Which hormone controls the hypothalamus by positive feedback?

• Cortisol

• Antidiuretic hormone

• Oxytocin

• Thyroid hormone

oxytocin

The hypothalamus is controlled by a feedback mechanism. This helps to prevent disease states by abnormal production of hormones. Most hormones act by negative feedback except for oxytocin which acts by positive feedback.

• In late pregnancy, stretching of the uterine walls stimulates release of oxytocin.

• Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterus and, as the baby moves down, the cervix stretches.

• This sends a positive feedback to the hypothalamus to produce more oxytocin.

• More oxytocin leads to increased contraction and the amplification continues throughout labour until delivery.

Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus that promotes uterine contractions during labor and is regulated by positive feedback.

ACTH is produced by the ____________ and acts on the ______________.

anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex

Which of the following is not a function of the circulatory system?

• Transport of wastes

• Regulation of blood sugar

• Thermoregulation

• Transport of nutrients

regulation of bood sugar

The purkinje fibers conduct impulses to the ____________.

ventriclesmuscles of the heart.

Which of the following components of blood is correctly paired with its function?

 

• Lymphocytes-acquired immunity

• Granulocyte-production of antibodies

• Platelets-transport of gases

• Monocytes-clotting

lymphocytes function in acquired immunity by targeting and fighting infections.

Where does erythropoiesis take place?

red bone marrow

What is the shape of an erythrocyte?

biconcave

Which of the following leukocytes is part of the acquired immune system?

• Eosinophil

• Macrophage

• Lymphocyte

• Neutrophil

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the acquired immune system by recognizing and responding to specific pathogens.

The left atrium receives blood from the ______.

pulmonary vein

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart after the vena cava drains into the heart?

Right atrium-right ventricle-pulmonary artery-pulmonary vein-left atrium-left ventricle

The specialized neuromuscular tissue found in the atrial septum near the atrioventricular septum is called _______________.

av node

What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange between blood and the cells of the body

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the capillaries is called ___________.

external respiration

Most carbon dioxide in the body is in the form of ______________.

bicarbonate ions

The respiratory system plays a role in acid-base balance. Which of the following statements is correct?

• High carbon dioxide levels lead to low pH

• High oxygen levels lead to low pH

• High carbon dioxide levels lead to high pH

• High oxygen levels lead to high pH

high carbon dioxide levels lead to low pH.

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

digestion of fat

• Maltase which digests maltose (disaccharide containing two molecules of glucose)

• Sucrase which digests sucrose (disaccharide containing a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose).

• Lactase which digests lactose (disaccharide containing a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose).

• Peptidase which digests  polypeptides

• Intestinal lipase which digests fat

• Enterokinase which activates trypsinogen and chymotrypsin.

• Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen which are activated by enterokinase to produce trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins and polypeptides.

• Amylase breaks down carbohydrates to disaccharides.

• Lipase break down fats to fatty acids and glycerol.

• Nuclease breaks down nucleic acid to nucleotides.

What is the role of pancreas in the digestive system?

chemical digestion

peritoneum

a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the organs within it.

What is the function of the mucus-bicarbonate barrier?

It protects the stomach lining from gastric acid and enzymes, aiding in maintaining pH balance.

Which of the following correctly lists the layers of the digestive system from the outer layer to the inner layer?

Adventitia → muscularis → submucosa → mucosa

Which of the following is a function of hydrochloric acid in the digestive system?

Activates pepsinogen

Chyme is produced in the ____________.

stomach

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed into the lymph by lacteals?

fats

Which of the following is not a function of the kidney?

• Production of renin

• Production of albumin

• Production of erythropoietin

• Production of urine

Production of albumin

The kidneys are two bean-shaped structures found in the posterior abdomen on each side of the spine. They are enclosed by the renal fascia and the adrenal gland is on the top of each kidney. The kidney performs several functions:

• Excretory: It produces urine, and nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the urine.

• Regulatory: It regulates blood volume, blood pressure, acid-base balance, and fluid and electrolyte balance.

• Endocrine: It produces some hormones i.e., erythropoietin and renin. Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells while renin regulates blood pressure.

The collecting duct drains into the papillary duct which drains into the renal pelvis. The collecting duct does not empty into the ureter.

Which of the following does not occur in the convoluted tubules?

• Secretion

• Diffusion

• Reabsorption

• Filtration

filtration

The correct answer is  Filtration. Filtration occurs across semi-permeable membranes of the glomerulus. 

 

Which part of the nephron creates the concentration gradient found in the kidney?

loop of henley

How does solute move across the glomerular basement membrane?

diffusion

Blood pressure drives fluid and solutes through the glomerular capillary into Bowman’s space. What is this process called?

filtration

Which of the following correctly lists the capillary system found in the kidney?

• Glomerular, mesenteric, and peritubular

• Glomerular, sinusoidal, and peritubular

• Glomerular, pulmonary, and peritubular

• Glomerular, vasa recta, and peritubular

glomerular, vasa recta, and peritubular

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the transportation of glomerular filtrate?

• Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter

• Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, renal pelvis, collecting duct, urethra

• Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, renal pelvis, collecting duct, ureter

• Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter

• Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter

Ovulation is stimulated by _________________.

LH

The following are functions of the gonads except ____________.

• Production of gametes

• Production of hormones

• Development of secondary sexual characteristics

• Transporting of egg cells to fertilization site

Transporting of egg cells to fertilization site

The secretory phase of the endometrium is maintained by the corpus luteum after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces _________________.

• Estrogen and Progesterone

Which of the following is the correct sequence in pregnancy?

 

• Ovulation → fertilization in uterus → implantation in endometrium → placental development

• Ovulation → fertilization in the fallopian tube → implantation in the uterine myometrium → placental development

• Ovulation → fertilization in uterus → implantation in myometrium → placental development

• Ovulation → fertilization in fallopian tube → implantation in endometrium → placental development

Ovulation → fertilization in fallopian tube → implantation in endometrium → placental development

Which of the following is a part of the female reproductive system?

• Bartholin’s gland

• Bulbourethral gland

bartholins gland

Which of the following hormones produced by the pituitary gland is a reproductive tropic hormone?

• Luteinizing hormone

• Estrogen

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone

• Growth hormone

luteinizing

Which of the following correctly describes the function of luteinizing hormone?

• It stimulates the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle in females

• It stimulates the maturation of the ovarian follicle in females

• It stimulates spermatogenesis in males

• It stimulates the production of testosterone in males

It stimulates the production of testosterone in males

Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen?

• It stimulates the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

• It is responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics

• It is produced by the cells of the ovarian follicle

• It stimulates ovulation

it stimulates ovulation

Which of the following hormones is correctly paired with its function?

• LH—Secondary sexual characteristics

• FSH—Ovulation

• Progesterone—Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

• Estrogen—Maturation of follicle

• Progesterone—Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its function?

• Estrogen—Development of breasts

• FSH—Deepening of the voice

• Testosterone—Spermatogenesis

• LH—Production of testosterone

FSH—Deepening of the voice