Animal Tissues

- Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous

206

Total number of bones in the body

Tissues

a group of cell

Histology

study of tissues

Multicellular organisms

organism that consists of more than one cell

«  Protoplasm

«  Cell

«  Tissue

«  Organ

«  Organ System

        5 grades of organization

Epidermis

Dermis

2 layers of skin

epidermis

outer part of skin; purely epithelial

dermis

inner part of the skin

Skin  

barrier of skin from harsh environemnt

dependent

Only somatic cells are grouped to become tissues because they are ————

Somatic/ Body cells

Germ cell

2 types of animal tissue

body cells

somatic is also known as

Somatic cells

make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue.

Germ cell

only with reproduction and continuance of the species.

Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

4 major groups of somatic tissues

Epithelial

Forms the covering or lining of all free body surfaces both external and internal.

 

Epithelial

In this tissue the cells are compact, bonded together by intercellular cement for strength and often supported by a basement membrane.

Avascular

Avascular or Vascular: Epithelial

Avascular

absence of circulatory system; no blood, nutrition.

Indothelium

-  a thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels.

                                     - aligned in stomach.

stratum corneum

- the outermost layer of the epidermis.

                                              - dying cells.

squamous

cuboidal

columnar

cilliated

flagellated

simple

stratified

pseudostratified

Types of epithelium

Squamous

A type of epithelium: flat and thin

cuboidal

A type of epithelium: the same size

columnar

A type of epithelium: tall yet narrow

Cilliated

A type of epithelium: has cillia (hair-like)

flagellated

A type of epithelium: has falgella (tail)

simple

A type of epithelium: 1 layer

stratified

A type of epithelium: more than one layer

pseudostratified

A type of epithelium: has fake layers

nucelus

most prominent organelle

stomach

oragn for storage

fake

“pseudo” means?

transitional epithelium

·        made up of several layers of cells that become flattened when stretched.   

                                                         - e.g., urinary tract allowing bladder to expand.

authentic

Nucleus are supposed to be aligned to recognize if the layer is ———-and not fake

«  Protective

«  Granular (secretory)

«  Sensory

«  Absorption/ Filtration

epithelial tissues may be:

endocrine

ductless; hormone glands, gonads

Exocrine

·   ductal; sweat/tear glands

duct

a channel or passageway

blood

used to travel pituary glands

Granular Epthelium

-       Specialized in secreting products necessary for use by an animal.

-       Close to e/o.

cuboidal cells

·        lined with multicelluar salivary and sebaceous glands.

«  Sticky (mucous)

«  Watery (serous)

2 kind of secretion

connective tissues

it is also known as sustentative tissue

connective tissues

Tissues came from only one pollen.

vascular

vascular or univascular : connective tissues

connective tissues

derived from mesenchyme

embryonic

embryo tissue

totipotent cells

embryo tissues is made of

«  Reticular

«  Fibrous

«  Adipose

«  Cartilage

«  Bone

«  Pigment   

connective tissues sunod:

reticular tissue

-framework of stellate reticular cells.

                               -  abundant network of fine reticular fibers.

                               Makes the framework of: lymph glands, red bone marrow, spleen

            Reticular Tissue

• framework of stellate reticular cells.

• abundant network of fine reticular fibers.

                               Makes the framework of: lymph glands, red bone marrow, spleen

mesenchyme

connective tissues is derived from

fibrous connective tissue    

scattered cells, rounded and branched in form w/ intercellular spaces

enamel

strongest tissue

tendon

connecting body to bones

endocrine

released directly into bloodstream

exocrine

ducts into body’s surface

secretion

to produce & release

ligaments

connecting link for bone & bone

collagneous connective tissue

                Fibrous Connective Tissue is also know as??

fibroblast

microblast

2 major cell types

red bone marrow

produces RBC

hemopoiesis

production of blood cells and platelets

lymph glands, red bone marrow, spleen

hemopoietic tissue / organs

• spaces between muscle and skin

• Complete cytoplasmic materials.

• has higher energy.

adipocytes

• stores energy as fats

• composed of adipose tissue

cartilage connective tissue

-embedded in the matrix of chrondrin

-       Secreted by a small group of rounded cartilage cells (chondrocytes).

-       Covered by a thin fibrous perichondrium.

-       Secreted by a small group of rounded cartilage cells (chondrocytes).

-       Covered by a thin fibrous perichondrium.

chondrin

firm yet elastic matrix

chondrocytes

cartilage connective tissue is secreted by?

chondrocytes

a small group of rounded cartilage cells

thin fibrous perichondrium

cartilage connective tissues are covered by?

hyaline

elastic

homogenous

classification of cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

«  bluish white, translucent, homogenous.

-       Has a significant proportion of very fine collagen fibers embedded in the abundant matrix.

-       Covers joint surfaces and ribs.

-       Present in the nose and tracheal rings.

costal cartilages

raising and lowering of chest

locuna

tiny spaces

elastic cartilage

yellow fibers present in the external ears of mammals and eustuchian tube.

fibrocartilage

«  most resistant type (strongest) of cartilage.

-       Largely fibers with fewer cells and less matrix.

-       Occurs in the pads between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs) of mammals, pubic symphysis, and joints subject to severe strains.

chondrocytes

cells of cartilage

fibrocartilage

produces collagen matrix

collagen matric

rich in glycosaminoglycan

26

how many vertebrae in fibrocartilage

osseous tissue

bone tissue is also known as?

bone / osseous tissue

– occurs only in the bony fishes and land vertebrates.

-       dense organic matrix (chiefly collagen) with mineral deposits and calcium carbonate.

-       develops either as replacement for previously existing cartilage (cartilage bone) or follows embryonic mesenchymal cells (membrane bone).

osteoblast

bone cells

haversian system

series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae.

-       Surround blood vessels and nerve fibers throughout the bone and communicate osteocytes.

cancellous or sponegy

hard or compact

2 kinds of bones

cancellous or spongey

kind of bone which is found at the end.

hard or compact

kind of bone which is found at the middle part.

diaphysis

the middle part of the hard or compact part of the bone

osteoblast

osteoplast

osteocytes

3 tyoes of blood cells

fibrocartilage

acts as cushion w/ joints

osteoblast

-a type of blood cells which matures into osteocytes

-bone forming cells

osteoplast

a type of blood cell which resorps bones ( eat up digested bone tissue)

osteocytes

«  formerly osteoblast

-        Cells of mature bones

 

mammalian long bone

there are many tubular concentric lamellae forming cylindrical haversian systems, the walls of each being of several such lamellae with a central haversian canal.

1.      Protection

2.      Framework

3.      Storage of mineral materials

4.      Leverage for locomotion

5.      Attachment

6.      Hemopoiesis

importance of bones

black or brownish grey

·        When blood cells die, they turn ——-

lacuna or lacunae

cavity within the bone