Comprehensive Guide to Oxygenation, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Systems

Why do we breathe and why is oxygen important?

The body's tissues require energy, produced by utilizing glucose and oxygen, similar to how a car burns gas with air.

What is the chemical equation for the process of respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O)

What is ventilation in the context of the pulmonary system?

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

What is the process of respiration?

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar capillary and capillary cell membranes.

What is diffusion in relation to gas exchange?

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood.

What is perfusion?

The process by which blood takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels, and red blood cells.

What is the role of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood.

What factors influence oxygenation?

Lifespan and development, environment, lifestyle, medications, pathophysiological conditions, and neuromuscular abnormalities.

What are some breathing patterns associated with respiratory distress?

Tachypnea, Bradypnea, Hyperpnea, Cheyne-Stokes, Biots, Kussmaul, Apnea, Agonal.

What diagnostic tests are used to assess oxygenation status?

Arterial blood gases (ABGs), peak flow monitoring, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2) monitoring.

What are some interventions for optimal oxygenation?

Mechanical ventilation, chest tube drainage, promoting circulation, and administering respiratory medications.

What is the purpose of incentive spirometry?

To promote respiratory function and maximize lung excursion.

What is the oxygen concentration provided by a nasal cannula at 1 liter?

24% oxygen (20% + 4%).

What is the oxygen concentration provided by a non-rebreather mask at 10 liters?

100% oxygen.

What is the normal arterial oxygen saturation value?

95 - 98%.

What is considered mild hypoxia in terms of oxygen saturation?

Oxygen saturation between 91% and 94%.

What is the indication for using a nasal cannula?

Useful for low to medium oxygen concentrations (24 - 44%), indicated for COPD, asthma, uncomplicated heart attack, and hypoxia.

What is the indication for using a simple face mask?

Useful for medium oxygen concentrations (40 - 60%), but not commonly used.

What is the oxygen concentration delivered by a pocket mask?

16 - 18% oxygen, used for mask-to-mouth ventilations.

What is the indication for using a non-rebreather mask?

Useful for high flow oxygen delivery (up to 90%), indicated for severe hypoxia, respiratory failure, and shock.

What is the use of a bag-valve mask?

Useful for delivering 100% oxygen, indicated for CPR and rescue breathing.

What types of artificial airways are used in respiratory care?

Oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal tubes, and tracheostomy tubes.

What is the purpose of suctioning in respiratory care?

To maintain artificial airway patency.

What might happen if the world lost oxygen for 5 seconds?

This is a hypothetical question; the immediate consequences would be catastrophic for all aerobic life.