GSTS 2 - Intellectual Revolution

revolution

driven by new results, often changes the normative landscape of research. confronting the problem of deep, conceptual and practical change

scientific revolution

developments in math, physics, astronomy, bio, human anatomy.

emphasizes on:

• abstract reasoning

• quantitative thought

• how nature words

• nature as a machine

• development on experimental scientific method

mid 1500-1700

europe re-discovering the knowledge from the greeks and the romans. most significant period of discovery and growth in science

paradigm

accumulation of facts about observations, theories and methods that have been collected through time.

valid knowledge that has a combined research and philosophy made by scientists

paradigm shift

important change that happens when a new and different way replaces the usual way of thinking or doing something

the kuhn cycle

pre science/ normal science - model drift - model crisis - model revolution - paradigm shift

intellectual revolution

rise of contemporary science during the early modern period. this era is when developments in math, physics, astronomy, biology and chem changed how society viewed the natural world

astronomy

first paradigm shift. scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the earths atmosphere

cosmology

particular first intellectual revolution shift. study of the universe and its components, how it formed how it has evolved and what is its future

aristotle

384-322 bc. greek philosopher. proposed geocentrism, earth centered belief

claudius ptolemy

9100-160 ad. greek roman mathematician, philosopher and astronomer.

improved aristotles observation by using measurements using epicycles planetary orbits

geocentric model

one of the greatest discoveries of that time

copernician revolution

took off with the acquisition of more precise data on the movement and position of planets around the sun

aristarchus of samos

310-230 bc. greek astronomer and mathematician. postulated heliocentrism

nicolaus copernicus

his findings supported the heliocentric model written in this book “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres”

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630). Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

tycho Brahe

tychonic system, the most precise equipment available before the telescope. proved that planets moved elliptical orbits around the sun

galileo galilei

His telescopic observation of the four moons

of Jupiter proved that celestial bodies did not

revolve around the earth on his book “The

Starry Messenger”

isaac newton

he brought the triumph of heliocentrism by using gravity to explain the movement of the planets around the sun.

charles darwin

english naturalist obsessed in nature, the origin of species

darwinian revolution

religious belief that god is the intelligent designer of the intelligently designed universe, creator of all things

natural selection

Organismal adaptation and evolution was through the process of this

descent with modification 

species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.

sigmund freud

• psychologist

• able to change peoples perception of psychology 

theory of the psyche

mind has conscious and unconscious mind

conscious mind

all the things we are aware of or can easily bring into awareness

unconscious mind

things outside of our awareness

psychoanalysis

study that explains human behavior

psychical apparatus

id ego superego

id

operates in pursuit of pleasure (pleasure seeking) (instinct)

ego

governed by the reality principle (reality)

superego

pursue idealistic goals and perfection (morality)

eros

(love) - love preserves unity

thanatos 

death - promotes destructions and aggressiveness 

libido

driving force of instinct

psychosexual theory

the behavior and development of an individual are influenced by the interaction between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the person's mind.

role of dreams

every dream represents a wish fulfillment or impulse in early childhood, before such wishes have been repressed 

baconian revolution

philosophers believed that all knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning and there was no need to measure anything 

aristotle

father of science

• use of measurement and observation as a tool for gaining knowledge as it should be supported by real world findings

ibn al-haytham

islamic scholar known for his works on light and vision

• state an explicit problem

• test hypothesis thru experimentation

• interpret data and have conclusion, using math

• publish the findings

roger bacon

european scholars to refine the scientific methods

• developed the idea of making observations

• hypothesizing

• experimenting to test hypothesis

francis bacon 

developed the scientific method

• argued that sci knowledge is obtained after making observation and then utilizing inductive reasoning to interpret the observations

scientific method

systematic approach used to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge