world war 1

world

Triple Alliance

The alliance formed by Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary for protection.

Triple Entente

The alliance formed by France, Britain, and Russia for mutual protection.

Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in 1914 caused a rise in tensions between European nations.

Militarism

The policy of building up a strong military force to imitate or threaten other nations.

Alliances

Agreements between nations to aid and protect one another.

Nationalism

Pride in one’s country.

Imperialism

The policy of one country taking over another country militarily and economically.

Assassination

The act of murdering a prominent person; specifically refers to the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The Allies

The countries included France, Great Britain, Russia (exited in 1917), Italy, and the United States (entered in 1917) in WWI.

Central Powers

The alliance that included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during WWI.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915, leading to American involvement in WWI.

Zimmerman note

An alleged telegram from Germany to Mexico promising U.S. land in exchange for war support against the US. This was so that the US could be distracted fighting Mexico AND Germany.

The final straw that brought the US into WWI

the Zimmerman telegraph

Propaganda

Information designed to influence opinion, including speeches, posters, and films.

War Industries Board

The U.S. agency that coordinated the production of war materials. They told manufacturers what to produce, distribute raw materials, and set prices.

Food Administration

Agency that increased food production and reduced civilian consumption during WWI.

Fuel Administration

Managed the use of coal and oil to conserve energy; implemented practices like daylight savings, shortened work weeds, and meatless mondays.

National War Labor Board

Established to prevent strikes during wartime; pressured industries to improve wages and working conditions. 8 hour work days, allowed unions to organize and bargain collectively.

Committee of Public Information (CPI)

Agency that 'sold' the war to Americans and influenced public opinion.

Liberty bonds

a low interest loan by civilians to the government, meant to be paid in a number of years

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities between 1910 and 1920.

Espionage Act of 1917

Law imposing heavy fines and long prison terms for giving illegal aid to the enemy or interfering with war efforts.

Sedition Act of 1918

Law that made it illegal to criticize the war, imposing heavy fines and prison terms for violators.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Supreme Court ruling that the 1st Amendment does not protect speech that poses a clear and present danger.

Conscription

forced enlistment for military service; also known as the draft.

Selective Service Act

Requires all men aged 21-30 to register for the draft.

Western Front

The battle line between France and Germany during WWI.

Zeppelins

Giant balloons used to drop bombs on British warships during WWI.

Bolshevik Russia

Russia under Vladimir Lenin after the Russian Revolution, becoming a Communist nation.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty where Russia gave land to Germany to establish peace after the revolution.

John J. “Blackjack” Pershing

Commander of the U.S. forces during WWI, led troops at the Battle of Argonne Forest (located in Northeastern France)

Battle of Argonne Forest

A decisive battle that marked a turning point leading to Germany's surrender. The fighting ended at 11am on November 11, 1918.

Armistice

A cease-fire agreement signed by Germany and the Allies to end fighting.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace post-WWI, including freedom of the seas, free trade, large-scale arms reduction, end to secret treaties, and creation of world-pace organization (League of Nations).

League of Nations

World peace-keeping organization proposed by Wilson, adopted after the war.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that placed total blame for WWI on Germany and imposed heavy reparations to allies. Germany’s armed forces were greatly reduced and they lost territory.

Inflation

A rise in the cost of goods while wages remain the same, leading to a loss of money value.

Post-war problems

Issues such as rising inflation, race riots, and fear of communism following WWI.

Red Scare

The fear of communism and labor strikes in the U.S. after the Russian Revolution.

Emergency Quota Act

Law limiting the number of immigrants, favoring those from northern and western Europe, discriminating people from southern and eastern europe.

National Origins Act

Allowed unlimited immigration from northern and western Europe, Immigration from Mexico was not limited and Mexican immigrants filled jobs by reduction of European immigrants.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian anarchists whose trial and execution symbolized the discrimination during the Red Scare. They were convicted of robbery and murder with no evidence.

Domestic Terrorism

A series of 8 bomb attacks in 8 U.S. cities in 1919 heightened fears of anarchists and radicals.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Agency established to investigate domestic terrorism, led by J. Edgar Hoover.

Palmer Raids

Raids ordered by Attorney General Palmer targeting radical organizations and leading to widespread arrests and 500 deported. People had their civil liberties violated.  No chance of attempts to overthrow the government was ever found.

Why American got involved in the war

• 1915 Germany sank the Great Britain Ship the Lusitania, 1000 died including 128 Americans

• 1916 German U-Boat sank a French Passenger Ship

• The Zimmerman Telegraph

two ways the US financed the war

Liberty Bonds and increased tax rates

Purpose of the Great Migration

African Americans worked and filled up factories to produce war materials

Why Russia withdrew from WWI

to focus on consolidating power and establish communist Russia

Communism

an economic and political system based on a single government party, equal distribution of resources, the prohibition of private property, and rule by a dictatorship.

Why US Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer created the FBI

One bomb damaged his house

General Strike

all workers in a community, a common tactic used by communist and radical groups in Europe. nothing gained except Americans worrying about communism

Gary Steel Strike

strike breakers/scabs (african americans/mexicans) were hired

Boston Police Strike

75% of police department went on strike, and all were fired by Gov. Calvin Coolidge (future republican president)

Three Major Strikes Post-War

Boston Police Strike, the Gary Steel Strike, and the General Strike

Ways Americans showed frustration post-war

burning african american homes/shops, when african americans went to white beaches, the national guard was called in and the NAACP surge in membership caused a rise in lynching.

reasons veterams blamed economic problems on African Americans

The Great migration and since the whites are back home, they wanted their jobs back.

High Prices, Low Salaries

Inflation

Inflation Causes

The cost of living increased. Food was no longer rationed for war. There was a boom in spending. People wanted products but there was a shortage of products. Wages didnt increase enough.

General Pershing

refused to fight alongside the 93rd division so he gave them to the countries of France and Great Britain, who wanted to integrate.

Alliance

A union formed for mutual benefit. Especially between countries or organizations

Assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian

Neutral U.S

For the first three years of WWI, the US remained neutral. Wilson using the slogan “He kept us out of war”. Public favored the allies due to Propaganda. American banks loaned 2 billion to Great Britain.

German U-Boat Attacks

Germany began unlimited submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean in 1915. It was the sinking of 6 american trade ships. The biggest reason the US got involved in the war.

Victory Gardens

Gardens planted to conserve by growing your own food.

Savings Bonds

A means of lending money to the government to be repaid with interest within a specified number of years.

Women in the Armed Forces

1 million women joined the workforce during WWI, taking roles in factories, mail carries, train engineers, and police.

Committee on Public Information

The __, led by George Creel, aimed to influence public support for the war.

Henry Ford

lent his company's support once it became clear the country was going to enter World War I. His company producing war boats, military trucks, cannons and many other war products as well as committing research and development work to a variety of armor technologies for vehicles and soldiers

Four Minute Speeches

Encouraged buying war bonds to reporting draft dodgers. Delivered in movie theaters and public places.

Four Minute Men

volunteers to speak in public places in support of the war effort.

Espionage

spying, especially to gain government secrets

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

Supreme Court Justice who believed free speech could be limited during wartime. introduced the "clear and present danger" test, ruling that free speech could be limited if it posed a danger during wartime. Holmes upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck, who had distributed anti-draft pamphlets.

Eugene V. Debs

leader of the American socialist Party, was arrested and sentenced to 10yrs in prison under the Espionage Act 1917 for giving an anti-war speech in Canton Ohio. He stated that the war was fought by poor people so wealthy buisness owners could make money.

Germans

portrayed as a threat to women and children. Propaganda portrayed them as a threat to our democratic way of life.

Anti-German Sentiments

• Attacks on anyone against the war & German Americans

• Ads urging Americans to monitor fellow citizens

• Germans Americans hide ties to their culture

• Change names/change names of their businesses

The Flu’s Role

60k soldiers died from influenza epidemic. it killed 25-50 million people worldwide including 500,00 americans

Minorities in the Military

• 40k African Americans were drafted. 42k served overseas (fought for the French, 369th regiment). Harlem Hell Fighters

• 12k Native Americans fought

• 20k Puerto Ricaanss were given citizenship after the war

• Women were in clerical and nursing

Harlem Hell Fighters

African Americans fought overseas in the 92nd, 93rd infantry, and 369th regiment. Many stayed in Europe for better treatment, considering they were seen as heroes.

Trench Warfare

A type of fighting where both sides stayed in deep trenches to avoid the gunfire “up top.” Trench warfare was used on the Western Front, the line between France and Germany . These trenches were protected by barbed wire and concrete machine-gun nests.

Artillery Guns

placed behind front lines, hurled huge explosive shells, killed more than any other weapon.

Trenches

Dug from English channel to Switzerland

New Technology

Poison Gas (Germans), Gas mask, Armored Tanks (British), Zeppelins (germany), Airplanes (used to spy then had rockets and guns)

Convoys and Destroyer War Ships

groups of trading ships that travel together / protected convoys

The Turning Point

Russia withdraws from the war when the Russian Revolution begins. The United States enters the war on the side of the Allies

Ties with Britain

One last reason the United States joined with the Allies was its strong cultural ties with Great Britain

Armistice Day

11th month, 11th day, 11th hour

The Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemeceau (France), Orlando Vittoriio (Italy)

Irreconcilables

- said founders warned us against   “entangling alliances”—No Formal Alliances

Reservationists

would ratify treaty if it said USA   Military action required approval by its congress

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

anti women’s suffrage, anti-bootleggers, anti black, anti immigrant, anti semitic, anti catholic