BIOCHEMISTRY - LIPIDS

What is the name of this molecule and what category of lipids does it fit into?

triacylglycerol

storage lipids

What is the main function of structural lipids?

support of biological membranes

What is the name, category, and net charge of this lipid?

phosphatidylglycerol

glycerophospholipid

net -1

What does the following carbon skeleton tell you about the structure of the fatty acid?

18:2 (9,12)

common name: linoleic acid

there are 18 carbons with 2 double bonds between carbons 9-10 and 12-13

What is the name of this molecule and what category of lipids does it fit into?

glycerophosolipid

phospholipids (structural lipids)

What is the name and category of this lipid?

glucosylcerebroside

sphingolipid (glycolipid)

What is the name of this molecule and what category of lipids does it fit into?

sphingolipid

phospholipids (structural lipids)

What is the name, category, and net charge of this lipid?

phosphatidylethanolamine

glycerophospholipid

net 0

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

20:0

arachidic acid

What type of bond attaches fatty acids in sphingolipids?

amide bond

What is the name and category of this lipid?

sphingomyelin

sphingolipids (glycolipids)

What is the most decorated biomolecule of all time?

cholesterol

What is the name of this molecule and what category of lipids does it fit into?

sphingolipid
glycolipids (structural lipids)

What is cholesterol a precursor of?

Vitamin D
bile salts
hormones

What is the name, category, and net charge of this lipid?

phosphatidylcholine

glycerophospholipid

net 0

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

18:0

stearic acid

What are the main features of cholesterol?

made of 27 carbons
has a steroid nucleus
amphipathic with polarity at C3 due to an OH group
four ring structures: 3 six ring and 1 five ring

What type of fatty acid is this and why?

saturated
there are no double bonds

What is the name, category, and net charge of this lipid?

phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate

glycerophospholipid

*don't worry about charge for this lipid*

What are the sterols called in mammals, plants, and fungi?

cholesterol
stigmasterol
ergosterol

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

14:0

myristic acid

What is the name, category, and net charge of this lipid?

phosphatidylserine

glycerophospholipid

net -1

What is the general structure of a fatty acid?

polar head group
hydrocarbon chain

What are the names of the four phospholipases?

phospholipase A1, A2, C, and D

What configuration of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids has the highest melting point?

trans-configuration

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

16:0

palmitic acid

What is a phosphodiester bond?

2 ester bonds at different sides of the phosphate

What type of fatty acid is this and why?

mono unsaturated
there is only one double bond

What type of fatty acids are on carbons 1 and 2 of a glycerophospholipid?

carbon 1: saturated
carbon 2: unsaturated

What are the two products of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis? What do they do?

inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
diacylglycerol (DAG)

IP3 triggers the release of intracellular calcium and also aids DAG in the activation of protein kinase C which leads to the regulation of other enzymes through protein phosphorylation

What is a nonessential fatty acid?

our bodies can produce these fatty acids

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

20:4 (5,8,11,14)

arachidonic acid

What three molecules does the metabolism of arachidonic acid produce and what do each of them regulate?

prostaglandin: regulates pain

thromboxane: regulates platelet aggregation

leukotriene: regulates smooth muscles (lungs)

List the following types of fatty acids in order from highest melting point to lowest.

mono unsaturated

saturated

poly unsaturated

saturated > mono unsaturated > poly unsaturated

What is the general structure of a wax?

a long chain fatty acids attached via ester bond to a long chain alcohol

Describe the relationship between solubility and carbon amount in fatty acids.

As the carbon chain increases, the solubility decreases.

What type of fatty acid is this and why?

poly unsaturated
there is more than one double bond

What is an essential fatty acid? (give an example)

our bodies cannot produce these fatty acids

ex: omega-3 (linolenic acid) 18:3 (9, 12, 15)

What is the common name of this fatty acid?

12:0

lauric acid

What functional group is this?

acyl

What is the main biological function of triacylglycerol? What is another function?

fuel storage
insulation

How do aspirin and ibuprofen work?

they work by inhibiting the enzyme COX which then decreases the production of thromboxane and prostaglandins

Describe saponification.

triacylglycerol reacted with a base (NaOH or 2KOH) and heated to form glycerol and soap (K+ salts of fatty acids)

Describe the 4 fat-soluble vitamins and their functions.

Vitamin A: aids in increasing vision

Vitamin D: needed for bone formation

Vitamin E: "antioxidants"

Vitamin K: aids in the blood coagulation process