u4 hhd ch10 global trends and health and human development

whatre global trends & the different global trends

global trend → patterns of social, environmental, economic activity that affect many countries and require action to be taken at a global level. Affects all ppl in high/mid/low incco.

• climate change

  • rising sea lvls, changing weather patterns, inc. no. extreme weather events

• conflict

• mass migration

• inc. world trade

  • global distribution and marketing of tobacco, e-cigarettes and processed foods

• tourism

• digital tech

ALWAYS PICK SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF A TREND EG CC → RISING SEA LVL

LINK TO PEMSS, HSI, HD

overview of climate change (cc)

cc → long term shifts in temp and weather patterns. Has inc. due to gh gases (contribute to gh effect), lead to global warming. Inc gh gases:

• industries, agriculture, deforestation, burning fossil fuels for energy → global warming → cc → rising sea lvl, extreme weather events, changing weather patterns.

its a global trend as cc has increased globally from inc. gh gases = global warming → changing global climate experienced worldwide

cc and rising sea lvls

major causes of rising sea lvl → expansion of water that occurs when it warms, inc. amount of water when earth polar region & glacier melt.

impact of rising sea lvls:

FORCED RELOCATION OF PPL IN COASTAL AREAS

• lose homes due to floods. Living in low/mid incco greater risk as less likely to have the resources for preventative measures

DEC AVAILABILITY OF FRESH WATER

• salt water seeps into fresh underground water sources (aquifers) which provides most fresh water. Cant drink salt water & plants cant survive & is costly to maintain countries.

DEC AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

• salt water isnt good for crops. Ocean warmer = acidic = marine life affected reducing food supply of ppl eating fish.

CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY

• biodiv is important for keeping resources (water, soil) healthy and recover from disasters, it ensures sus food supply, medicine. Rising sea lvl & salinity interrupts ecosystem.

cc and changing weather patterns and extreme weather events

changing weather patterns

• rainfall changes, temp changes, changing seasonal patterns

extreme weather patterns

• storms & cyclone, extreme heat, flood, drought, fire

• temp rise = more water vapour in atmosphere → drought

• heatwave → drought & fires common

weather pattern → stays same for period of time

diseases and conditions that can happen cc

inc air pollution

• asthma

change in vectors

• malaria, dengue,

more allergens

• respiratory problems, allergies, asthma

dec water quality

• cholera, algal blooms

impact food & water supplies

• malnutrition, diarrhoael disease

degrade env

• forced migration, civil conflict,

inc severe weather

• injuries, death

cc impact on HHD pemss, hsi, hd

health status

• inc. extreme weather event eg extreme heat inc risk of mort from heart attack → heart shut down when temp too hot

• pollen lvl inc. in extreme heat → asthma inc. BOD

• inc. gh gases due to global warming inc. air pollution → incid/prev of resp diseases.

• inc. salinity affects ability to grow food, affect nutritional quality of crops lowering protein & vitamins = inc. hunger and malnutrition → u5mr

• waterborne diseases from rising sea lvls and reduce availability of freshwater and relocation of homes.

• surface water can become stagnant = breeding ground for vector like mosquito w malaria and transmit the virus → BOD.

• stressful to relocate → mental illness anxiety depression inc BOD

PEMSS

• physical

  • rising sea = strain on water & sanit systems = dec immunity and inc illness

  • less fresh water & food from changing WP = inc hunger → malnutrition bad immune functioning

• emotional

  • inc grief and distress from losing home

• mental

  • relocate = inc stress & anxiety

  • dec self esteem from loss of income & job

  • extreme WE → bushfire/drought = grief

• social

  • relocate = no social networks

  • cant go school cant develop communication skills

• spiritual

  • feel no peace from relocating

  • sense of helplessness no purpose in life if lose home.

cc impact on human development

• cant lead long healthy life if get injuries and diseases or die

• relocate cant go school = dec access to knowledge, less choices and capabilities for full potential

• forced to relocate ppl cant participate in decisions affecting their lives

• cant work = dec income for access to resources required for decent standard of living

• gender inequality cause cc stop women from doing stuff

• cant participate in community life from disrupted via heat waves

whats conflict

fight, battle, war or other armed conflict.

• has inc. Its a global trend bc armed conflict is now the largest and longest experienced since end of ww2. A global trend as many are affected by conflict and low/mid incco countries r more vulnerable as they dont have necessary money to fund war while providing basic services for ppl.

• displaced ppl = forced leave home due to war or persecution

1. armed conflict

2. laying of landmines

3. investment in defence rather than health, welfare, education

4. destruction of infrastructure

   • health facilities, water & sanit, electricity, roads

conflict impact on health status

• armed conflict → injury/kill/trauma =dec LE, high mort & morb, inc prev of mental illness, bod from soldiers

• cant access health services cause destroyed = inc daly

• high maternal and child mort rates from infectious diseases that cant be treated now due to conflict

• destroyed roads = farmer cant transport food to shop, land is used for landmines = food unavailable or expensive → malnutrition DALY

• waterborne diseases from bad water & sanit

• resources invested into defence force than services eg health & edu

• high trauma lvls = bod from mental illness + grief and living in fear

• long lasting conflict effects eg landmines cause death & injury

conflict impact on h&w & hd

h&w

• injury → physical h&w, less infrastructure & food = bad immune system

• conflict breaks social network, destroy families = significant grief → link to emotional, social, mental, spiritual h&w

• rape, sexual violence & exploit, trafficking, of women more common when conflict occurs → impact physical, mental h&w

hd

• destroys human rights.

• women subject to victimisation → disempowered, cant contribute productive, life of community, decisions affecting their lives

• reduce economic activity & infras = dec access to education = cant do decent standard of living, access knowledge, enhance capabilities, cant develop to full potential

what is mass migration

its the movement of large groups of ppl from one geographical area to another in response to crisis. Its a global trend as mass migration is experienced worldwide for diff reasons:

• conflict

• climate change

• violation of human rights

• persecution (often race based)

• + its been inc. Refugees, asylum seekers, displaced and stateless ppl.

a lot of people from low & mid incco have been forced to flee

refugees vs asylum seekers vs internally displaced persons vs stateless persons

refugees

• ppl fled country & crossed international border for safety. Theyve left their possessions

asylum seekers

• ppl fled country but request for protection in another country and has yet to be processesed

internally displaced persons

• ppl forced to leave their home but havent crossed border to find safety yet. on the run in their own country eg due to floods

  • results in overcrowding in diff cities & if lots of ppl in low/mid incco are relocating = pressure on already struggling economies

stateless persons

• ppl who dont have nationality of any country and arent protected by the laws of any country.

mass migration impact on health status & pemss & hd

health status

• refugee go into crowded unclean living conditions in refugee camps = lack of services (healthcare, vaccination), food shortage → infectious disease outbreak, impact infant and u5mr, dec le

• high bod from depression, anxiety, ptsf from trauma & fear.

pemss

• inability to process emotions if relocating quickly → emotional h&w

• social exclusion & disconnection → social h&w

• stress → mental, feeling hopelessness lack of belonging → spiritual

• women more vulnerable to gender based violence → physical h&w, children separated → mental

• having to rebuild → all dimensions

• low resilience levels from migration

HD

• migration disrupt children formal education = uneducated adults = less likely to develop skill & capabilities → reducing choices of employment = less opports → cant enjoy decent standard of living and lead long and healthy lifes

• lack security and denied basic human rights (true for stateless ppl) = alienated and marginalised → cant participate in life community

• host countries opening their borders are usually low/mid countries → inc in migrants = stress on limited resources of host countries thatre economically fragile & cant support own pop → link to HD

what is increased world trade - global distribution and marketing of tobacco, e-cig products, processed foods)

world trade = the exchange of goods and services worldwide between different countries.

• inc world trade is a global trend as products are being increasingly traded and marketed to more countries

globalisation = process in which boundaries between countries r reduced allowing indivs/companies to act on global sale, transforming the diff societies of the world into one global society.

• helps multinational companies to distribute, market, sell products all areas of world

• aggressive marketing and promotion of products like tobacco, e-cig, processed foods impact hhd

tobacco, e-cigarette products, processed foods

tobacco

tobacco companies target low/mid countries:

• to make up lost profits from high incco where smoking rates have been decreasing.

• low education levels abt harms of tobacco

• less taxes, regulations, public awareness campaigns

  • high incco have ads & packaging laws, inc tax, laws on smoking in public which dec smoking rates

• a lot of world population live in low/mid incco & have high population growth

• developing economies = more income and desire to be like western culture

tobacco smoking, burning substance and inhaling the smoke

tobacco impact on health status, pemss, hd

health status

• mortality even from second hand smoke → all lead to respiratory diseases & cancer

• impact kids impact their immune system = more sus to infections

• foetal growth dev while preggo = low bw and premature birth → infant mortality

pemss

• chronic health condition = healthcare costs can go into poverty → all dimensions

• infectious diseases from weakened immune system → physical

• sense of shame → emotional h&w

hd

• funds being put onto tobacco = less money for kids education = leave school → less mean yrs of schooling and expected

• diseases cant lead long healthy life

e-cigarette products

battery powered devices using an element to turn liquid into aerosol and inhaled. vapes.

• has additives and chemicals

• marketed to kids and teens esp those who never smoke, its appealing flavour

• less regulations around e-cigs in low incco compared to high

e-cig impact on health status, pemss, hd

health status

• incid&prev of cvd, lung cancer, respiratory diseases

• inc anxiety and depression from the aerosl chemicals and possible nicotine cause its addictive

pemss

• impact physical h&w from all the diseases, throat irritation, poisoning nicotine, inc hr & bp

• learning difficulties from impaired brain development in kids → anxiety mental h&w

• conflict between social networks and interrupt schooling disrupting ability to form meaningful connections → social h&w

• guilt and disappointment feelings from addiction → emotional h&w

hd

• live long healthy lives u cant

• can go into poverty from addiction and spending on e-cigs = cant afford essential resources for decent standard of living

processed foods

relates to any food items thats been deliberately changed before being made available to eat. Eg drying/freezing or using complex items for a meal

• can be healthy eg canned fruit, frozen veggies

• unhealthy is ultra processed foods - highly processed, has cheap ingreds & artificial additives, high in fat/salt/sugar eg frozen pizza, fast food

  • actively marketed and is global trend, quick and convenient long shelf lives

  • low/mid are new targets of it as inc incomes = ppl migrate to cities where its accessible.

processed foods impact on health status, pemss, hd

health status

• inc prev of ow&ob, cvd, type 2 diabetes

• low/mid incco countries face double burden of disease from undernutrition associated with poverty and infectious diseases + ow&ob from wealth and cvd → daly

pemss

• physical h&w from cvd not healthy body weight, harder to exercise & maintain fitness lvls, sleep apnoea cant get energy levels

• low self esteem → mental h&w from ow&ob, less interaction → social h&w

hd

• suffer from chronic diseases (type2, cancer, cvd) impact ability to lead long & healthy lives. Interfere with work & earn income dec decent standard of living and limit ability to make choices.

• low/mid incco have high lvl of noncommunicable can place stress on healthcare system who tryna deal w communicable as well (double bod) = cant receive necessary treatment → lead long healthy lives & other stuff.

tourism

refers to activities ppl do when they travel and stay in places they dont normally live in, tourist attractions, cultural exp, new places.

• a global trend as tourism happens in all countries for all people of the world

adv & disadv of toursim

advantages

economic

• source of income, employment for low/mid incco, helps make low incco to mid incco

• economic growth → jobs, taxes for infras implemented by gov

social

• local culture & products promoted, preserves cultural values & diversity

• social inclusiveness w women employed = gender equality

• peace and security (SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY) BY BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS THAT EXIST BETWEEN CULTURES, PROVIDING OPPORTUNITIES TO BUILD TRUST AND PEACE BETWEEN COUNTRIES SO THERES NO CONFLICT

environmental

• promote environmental protection via money raised by tourism for conservation of wildlife

disadvantages

• pressure on local infras & services

• inc. global emissions → cc

• spread diseases within & between countries → covid19

• environmental risks from wastes

tourism impact on health status, pemss, hd

health status

• inc economic activity & gdp → gov can give more healthcare services for kids be vaccinated dec infant u5mr, give education = dec whatever

pemss

• can be employed & earn income = get food → physical h&w, feel more empowered → emotional h&w

• income = go school → social h&w

• preserves cultural values, diversity, empowering communities & prideness → emotional, peace & hope spiritual

• pressure infras = waste = unsafe water & sanit → physical h&w such as waterborne diseases.

hd

• twice as many women are employed in tourism sector, inc female empowerment & gender equality. This employment means women able to access resources for decent standard of living and participate in choices affecting their lives.

• tourism sector can provide incentives in education, help develop ppls knowledge & skills, expanding & enhancing choices & capabilities

• tourism inc = gov gdp can invest in infrastructure lead long healthy lives

digital technologies

involves the internet, computer hardware, software. Its a global trend as its been growing esp mobile phone tech and internet connecting people worldwide. Not only used for communication but also complex data collection & functions

digital health tech → digital tools in healthcare

• wearable health devices like watches, telehealth services, mobile health apps, ai, robotics

• used to analyse huge data points like medical records, help ppl be engaged w their health, healthcare procedures more efficient, imp communication between patient & professionals

digital tech help ppl share diagnoses & treatments w ppl same conditions, ppl can ask advice, empower them to take action on health

effective for rural ppl giving them access easy

helps med prof make early diagnoses and start treatment quicker before condition get worse

mobile phones in healthcare:

• get population data, effectiveness of programs, register ppl, prepare for disasters

concerns w tech w healthcare:

• hard to navigate = frustration = limit willingness to engage w digital health system

• concern abt poorer quality of healthcare in relation to healthcare providers ability to properly diagnose and treat conditions without a physical exam

• personal health data is collected and needs to be stored safely via cybersecurity laws, sometimes not always in place in low/mid countries hence can be leaked.

digital tech on health status, pemss, hd

health status

• inc access to healthcare esp rural ppl = dont need to take time off work for healthcare = can be treated quickly, dec. prev of health conditions

• imp efficiency and sus of healthcare systems by reducing healthcare costs by streamlining processes and dec need for in person visits = money allocated to healthcare can be used to dec wait lists = dec bod

• imp health promotion using digi platforms to communicate health prom msgs & reminders of medical screenings. dec incidence of disease

pemss

• ppl monitor their health can empower them boost self esteem → mental h&w & physical

• digi tech stay connected w others, inc. social network → social h&w by reducing social isolation.

• digi tech can lead to addiction = poor sleep & eye damage → physical h&w

• risk of hacking into bank accounts & social media cause stress & anxiety, cyberbullying, exposure to graphic content, harassment esp females → mental h&w

hd

• lead long healthy life, decent standard of living from healthcare online

• ppl can have choices = participate in decisions affecting their lives

• digi tech can provide access to be involved in political decisions like voting, helping particiapte in decisions affecting their lives

• dark side of tech violate ppl human rights

• women can access digi tech feel empowered

sac questions - IMPLICATION 6MARKER either 6 short dot points or 2 3marks worths, do 2positive 1 negative

implications for h&w due to changes in short term tourist arrivals

• inc. short term tourist from tourism → inc aus economic growth GDP through purchasing from tourist attraction spots or small businesses = owners gain income = access resources to food → efficient functioning of the body and its systems PHYSICAL H&W

• feel pride from cultural acknowledgement = EMOTIONAL H&W

• dec in tourism = less income = inc stress and anxiety → MENTAL H&W

implications for hhd from digital tech (link to h&w, hsi, hd)

• GOOD → rural ppl have access for healthcare, dont need to take time off work, access to promotion health msgs

• GOOD → people can be connected worlwide, reducing social isolation eg old ppl

• GOOD → empower people to take care of their health through advice shared online

• GOOD → online healthcare can free up wait lists in public hospitals = more ppl treated BOD dec.

• NEGATIVE → sharing data can be open to hackers, invading privacy & confidentiality especially if low/mid incco dont have the policies, laws around it,

• NEGATIVE → concerns about poorer healthcare treatment without a physical examination

• NEGATIVE → hard to navigate for some ppl = limit willingness to engage = mad = isolate them

• NEGATIVE → can lead to addiction = poor sleep eye problems

• NEGATIVE → exposed to cyberbullying graphic content harassment

SAC QS ABOUT GLOBAL TRENDS IMPACTING SUSTAINABILITY

1. climate change

   • economic → can destroy buildings, = dec economic growth

   • social → can drive ppl into poverty = its not eliminated, can impact safe working conditions if there is extreme heat or smth and work is there.

   • environmental → biodiversity from more co2,

2. conflict

   • economic → dec economic growth as ppl die or at war fighting

   • social → no peace and security, no gender equality as women more likely subject to discrimination,

   • environmental → biodiversity

3. mass migration

   • economic → less ppl in a country meaning that country has less workers = dec economic growth

   • social → can drive ppl into poverty

   • environmental → impact biodiversity

4. increased world trade

   • economic → more opportunities for global trade

   • social → can help promote equality through eliminating poverty by giving more jobs & income

   • environmental → use of natural resources may be depleted

5. tourism

   • economic → can inc economic growth, job creation

   • social → promote equality through eliminating poverty by gaining income and then implementing social protection systems, gender equality inc cuz more women employed

   • environmental → contribute to waste pollution, harm biodiversity or promote if tourism is not happening if it is tho environments might be damaged

6. digital technologies

   • economic → can open new opportunities for trade, innovation and be a new industry adding diversity

   • social → promotion of political and legal rights

   • environmental →