bio104 lab midterm

is this a true form fossil or mold form?

true form

is this a true form fossil or a mold form?

mold form

what is evolution

a process of change overtime that results in speciation

Define natural selection

the process of organisms changing to adapt to environmental conditions that carries on through generations

Define fossil

Preserved remains of once living organisms

Define nucleic acid sequencing

Looking at organisms relations from molecular, genotypic characteristics

Define phylogenetic tree

how species will grow and branch off of each other

What are the three advantages of evolution?

Allow life to occupy different niches, occupy new environments, and adapt to changes

Explain divergent evolution

when a common ancestor results in different species overtime

Explain convergent evolution

when overtime different species evolve into similar species due to environmental factors

Ray and lobe finned fish and sharks evolved from which extinct group of fish?

placoderms – plated fish

Lampreys and hagfish are most closely related to which group of fish?

ostracoderms

How many extant groups of fish are on earth today?

5

Do the Acanthoidii have descendants on earth today?

Yes – Sarcopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and Actinopterygii

name and describe the three cell types of a sponge

epidermal cell - outerepithelum wall, water comes in ostia and exits osculum

amoebocytes - mesohy, transports nutrients, evolved in sexual reproduction, and secretes spicules

choanocytes - digest food from passing waste, the flagelblled contributes to the water circulation

what does it mean to be asymmetrical

lack define symmetry and grow irregularly

the structures that form an internal framework and are secreted by the amoebocytes in the sponges are called

spicules

what does diploblastic radiatans mean

organisms with radial symmetry and two germ layers

what is an example of a diploblastic radiatan

cnidarians

the viscous noncellular matrix that allows for diffusion of material throughout the body of the cnidarians is the

mesoglea

describe the structure and function of the medusa stage

sexual reproduction, gametes(sperm and egg) are produced, fertilization occurs in the water, zygote forms and enters embryogenesis to reach the early gastrula stage

what happens in the early gastrula stage

the embryo forms into planula in the water where it is free-floating, and once it settles if not covered by sediment it metamorphosis’ into polyp stage

specialized cells used by cnidarians to capture prey are called

cnidocytes

tapeworms and many flukes are hermaphroditic, what does that mean

having both male and female reproductive organs

what type of symmetry do flatworms exhibit

bilateral

what level of organization is present in flatworms

organ level

what embryonic tissues are present in flatworms

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

what structure is used for locomotion in gastropods

their foot

how do snails feed

the radula- a rasping tongue like structure

describe the mollusks complete digestive tract

they have an opening, the mouth, for food to enter and they have an exit, the anus, for waste to leave

what is the foot of the cephalopods modified into and for what function

siphon used for water propulsion

what dp clams and other bivalve mollusk use to bury themselves

their foot

what is the class of marine worms

polychaeta

what is the class of earthworms and leeches

clitellata

what are the membranes that divide segments

septa

what grinds the food into small pieces

gizzard

what removes metabolic waste

hermapphrodites

the primitive brain is known as the

cerebral ganglia

what is the method of respiration in earthworms

their skin

in the parasitic nematoades the adult worm develops within the host, what two stages in their life cycle are they infectious as

adult and larvae

trichinella spiralis is known as the pork/bear roundworm and causes a debilitating muscle disease in humans. what is the disease called and what can be done to prevent it

trichinosis and fully cooking meat

list the common name of ascaris lumbricoides and the site of infection

giant intestinal roundworm - lungs

list the common name of enterobious vermicularis and the site of infection

pinworm infection - anal area

list the common name of tichinella spiralis and the site of infection

pork/bear worm - muscle disease

list the common name of necator americanus and site of infection

human hookworm - intestine

what are aranae

spiders

what are choleoptera

beetles

what are merostomata

horseshoe crab

what are diptera

flies

what are decapoda

shrimp

what are acari

mites and ticks

what are cirrepedia

barnacles

what are centipoda

centipedes

what are lepidoperta

butterfly

what are milipoda

milipedes

what arthropod are the most numerous and what made them so well adapted

choleptra or beetles - their rectum

what is the difference between centipedes and milipedes

centipedes have one pair of appendages per segment while millipedes have two

in decapods like crayfish they have bivamous appendages, what are they made of

gills and walking legs

what structure are found in a crayfishes anterior stomach and is used for grinding up food

three teeth named grindstones

what is an example of an asteroidea

sea stars

what is an example of a crinoidea

sea lilies

what is an example of an echinoidea

sea urchin or sea dollars

what is an example of a ophiuroidea

brittle stars

what is an example of a holothuroidea

sea cucumber

what does cutaneous respiration refer to

exchange of gases through the skin

what type of symmetry is exhibited in larval enchinoderm

bilateral

what type of symmetry is exhibited in adult echinoderms

pentaradial

what type of skeleton do the echinoderms have

endoskeleton

what is an example of an anura

frogs and toads

what is an example of a caudata

salamanders and newts

what is an example of a chelonia

turtle and tortosie

what is an example of a squamata

snakes and lizards

what is an example of a crocdylia

crocodiles and alligators

what is the function of the cloaca

it is the terminal end of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

how do amphibians and reptiles regulate their body temperature

basking in the sunlight

what organ filters blood from the digestive tract and detoxifies chemicals

liver

what organs filter nitrogenous waste allowing it to be eliminated with urine

kidneys

what organ stores blood cells

spleen

what is the fate of the blastopore in chordates

they are deuterostomes and the anus develops first

what type of symmetry is exhibited in chordates

bilateral

what is the method of feeding in the adult lanceletes and tunicates

filter feeding

what chordate characteristic is not found in any adult chordates

notochord

what is an example of a myxini

hagfish

what is an example of a cephalospidomorphi

lampreys

what is an example of a chondricthyes

skates, sharks, and rays

what is an example of a sarcopterygii

lobed-finned fishes

what is an example of a actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes

in what ways are boney fish better adapted to swimming than the cartilaginous fish

bony skeleton swim bladder and the operculum

how is a vertebral column an improvement over a notochord

protection

what evidence of segmentation is found in the bony fish

vertebral column

what is the function of the operculum found in bony fish

covers and protects gills and permits water pumping over the gills

what is the function of the swim bladder in the bony fish

regulates their buoyancy density

how many chambers does a fish hear have, what are they called, and what are their functions

two chambers, atrium which is the recieving chamber, and the ventricle which is the pumping chamber

what are the SIX anatomical features that have aided birds in the evolution of flight

efficient respiration, efficient circulation, endothermy, feathers, flight skeleton, and a four chambered heart

what order of birds includes about 60% of them and what characteristics do they share

passeriforms - a tendon in their foot allowing for perching

what is the method of reproduction in montremes

laying shelled eggs

what is the method of reproduction in marsupials

give birth to undeveloped young and continue to grow them in a pouch

what is the method of reproduction in placental mammals

give birth to developed young

birds and mammals have a four chambered heart, how is this an improvement over a three chambered heart?

allows for a high supply of oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

A : porifera

B : cell level organization

C : asymmetrical

D : caleareae

E : grantia