BIO 101 Exam 2

What is the primary reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological structures as small as 2 nm, whereas 200 nm is the limit of resolution for a light microscope

(b) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light

How does the diameter of a prokaryotic cell compare with the diameter of a eukaryotic cell?

A prokaryote has one-tenth the diameter of a eukaryote

Why might bacteria be considered more successful than humans

Bacteria have been evolving for billions of years

According to the theory of evolution, what shared characteristics suggest that all life-forms on earth arose from a single ancestor

They use the same macromolecules

Which feature is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

DNA

Which of the following molecules or structures may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria

(d) Endoplasmic reticulum

A cell with an abundance of free ribosomes is most likely carrying out which of the following processes

(e) Producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in the process and therefore abundant in liver cells

(b) Smooth Er

Which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the Golgi apparatus

(a) protein mortification and sorting

Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregates and packages to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes

(a) Lysosomes

Which of the following correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell

(c) Rough ER - transport vesicle - Golgi - transport vesicle - plasma membrane

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. It could be

A plant cell but not an animal cell

What is a benign tumor

A mass of cells that remains in one area

What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

What is the correct order of events in mitosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

During which process would a cell plate form

(c) cytokinesis in an animal cell

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell

Anaphase

During which phase of the cell cycle do most organelles duplicate

(d) The G1 phase of interphase

Which characteristic indicates a cancer cell

metastasis

Why might cancer patients suffer from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after receiving chemotherapy

Chemotherapy attacks rapidly dividing cells like those lining the stomach and intestine

Which statement describes human sperm and egg cells

(c) They have one copy of each chromosome

During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate

(d) Anaphase I

A human skin cell is _______, whereas a human sperm cell is ________

(a) Diploid, haploid

During which process does independent assortment of chromosomes occur

(a) during meiosis I only

What description applies to a disease-causing organism that can spread from one organism to another

(b) contagious

Where would you be most likely to encounter E. coli bacteria

In unpasteurized mink

In which gland do T cells undergo further maturation

Thymus

Why would individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that's rare in the rest of the population

They lack helper T cells

Which cells are important elements that comprise cell-mediated immunity

(c) Cytotoxic T cells

Which cells are important elements that comprise antibody-mediated immunity

(d) B cells

What is a vaccine usually composed of

inactive disease-causing microbes

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. What form of body defense applies to this example

First line of defense

What happens during an autoimmune disease such as multiple sclerosis

Immune system cells attack healthy body cells

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the second line of defense against infection

It is a specific defense mechanism

Which of the following is most likely effect of parents choosing not to vaccinate their kids and still sending them to school

(a) They place the weakest "herd" members at risk

Identify the second line of defense mechanism that reduces bacterial growth

Fever

What inhibits viral reproduction

interferons

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

Swelling, heat, redness, and pain

Antibodies are made of

Two heavy chains

T cells of the immune system include

cytotoxic and helper cells