Studied by 4 people
Miranda Warnings
established in Miranda v. Arizona, these must be read to suspects after police have them in custody but before subjection them to interrogation Ex: "You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in court of law" etc.
Believers
an inmate who believes in God and believes that He will save them
Minimization
a legal interrogation tactic in which an interrogator attempts to decrease a suspect's resistance to confessing by, for example, downplaying the seriousness of the crime
Compliant
a formal written statement of the charges against a defendant
Contamination Error
police shape in the suspect's statements and provide details to the confession (including crime facts and plausible motives) to make the statements as persuasive as possible
Drylabbing
fabrication results for laboratory tests that are not conducted
NAS report
outlines key contributing factors to faulty forensic science
Forensics
-The science that is applied to the law and criminal proceedings -Forensic meaning "having to do with the law or "argumentation and debating" -often referred to criminalistics
Crime Labs
-oldest forensic lab in the US is that of the LAPD, created in 1923 by August Vollmer -in 1932, the FBI organized a national laboratory that offered forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the country -there is no nationwide system
Frey v. U.S.
rejects the scientific validity of the lie detector (polygraph) because the technology did not have significant general acceptance at the time
Serology
the identification and characterization of biological stains for forensic purposes; includes ABO blood typing
Jailhouse snitches
incarcerated individuals who provide information about cases of other inmates
Snitching
when police or prosecutors offer a deal to criminal suspects in exchange for information or cooperation
Perjury
the giving of false testimony under oath on an issue of inquiry regarded as material
Wink and a Nod
if an incentivized informant is not explicitly sought after by government agents
Jury Instructions
a judge's charge to jurors about the law governing their deliberations as they attempt to reach a verdict; sometimes involving cautionary warnings regarding attorneys' questions or statements or a witness's testimony during a trial
Alford Pleas
from North Carolina v. Alford, a guilty plea that allows the defendant to nevertheless maintain innocence
Deceivers
the act of misleading another through intentionally false statements or fraudulent actions
Altruists
promote someone else's welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves
Coerced
when officers of the law exert undue pressure to get an individual suspect to admit their involvement in a crime
Federal Rules of Evidence
a set of rules that governs the introduction of evidence at civil and criminal trials in US federal trial courts
Forensic Science Errors
three categories -systematic errors -random errors -gross errors
Criminalistics
-the comparative forensic sciences such as fingerprints, questioned documents, firearms, and tool marks -refers to types of physical evidence at the scene
Safe Streets Act (1968)
Designed to assist State and local governments in reducing the incidence of crime and to increase the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and criminal justice systems at all levels of government
Frey Test
from Frey v. U.S., one standard used to determine the admissibility of expert testimony; requires the scientific community
Cognitive Bias
unconscious beliefs suspects hold, and inadvertent mental tendencies suspects have
Incentivized Informants
a person who agrees to provide information in a criminal case in exchange for some type of anticipated or promised benefit or another incentive
Types of Incentives
-monetary -leniency in their own case -freedom from prosecution -special privileges
Massiah v. U.S.
The Supreme Court held that incriminating statements deliberately elicited by federal agents in the absence of counsel after the proceeding has begun violating the 6th Amendment
Discovery
in a criminal case, the process involving the prosecutor's sharing or revealing evidence to the defense prior to trial; the defense sometimes has a reciprocal obligation to reveal evidence within its possession to the prosecutor
Miranda v. Arizona
established the "Miranda Warnings" the must be read to suspects after police have them in custody but before subjecting them to interrogation
Fame Seekers
those making direct statements about becoming famous, seeking media notoriety via submitted legacy tokens, posting on media platforms right before/during the incident to capitalize on the interest they plan to receive after the attack
Pragmatists
primarily interested in making decisions on the basis of empirical evidence
Misclassification Error
police mistakenly believe an innocent person is guitly
Pathology
-determine the cause and manner of death in cases where someone dies under suspicious circumstances
Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmeceutical
federal rules of evidence in this alternative to Frey a witness "qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" may offer expert testimony if:
technique or theory can be tested
technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication
potential rate of error
Pro-Prosecution Bias
favors against one party, in this case the prosecutor party
Pre-trial Screening
determines a defendant's risk of failure to appear, new criminal arrests, etc.
Napue v. Illinois
prosecutor cannot knowingly allow a witness to falsely say that no promises were made in exchange for information
Prisoner's Dilemma
a decision-making scenario in which suspects are separated, questioned independently, and each told that the other is implicating them in the crime
Reliability Hearing
a pre-trial hearing in which a judge determines whether an informant appears to be sufficiently trustworthy or credible to be allowed to testify at trial
Brown v. Mississippi
the Due Process Clause prevents the prosecution from using information in a confession that resulted from the use of force by police
Maximization
a technique in which the interrogator exaggerates the strength of the evidence and the magnitude of the charges
voluntary
an act performed consciously as a result of effort or determination
Coercion error
during the interrogation, police use techniques that break down a suspect's resistance to admitting guilt
Forensic Labs
scientists analyze evidence collected from crime scenes, suspects, and victims
Forensic Science Errors
caused in the rendering of forensic testimony; error rate is 63%
Daubert Test
from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., one set of considerations used to determine the admissibility of expert testimony; charges judge to serve as gatekeepers and evaluate several factors before admitting expert testimony
Criminal Informants
someone who supplies information related to criminal activity
Disclosure
the process and rules governing the exchange of information between the parties to prepare for legal proceedings
Giglio v. U.S.
prosecution must disclose terms and conditions of informant deals
Corroboration
evidence that tends to support or confirm information, such as that provided by an informant
Plea Bargaining
negotiations between the prosecution and defense to reach an agreement about the terms of a defendant's eviction and recommended sentence
Situational Risk Factors
characteristics of the interrogation or situation induces someone to confess
Dispositional Risk Factors
characteristics of the suspect that make them more susceptible to interrogation tactics
Note
Flashcard