Communicable

If infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct contact, indirect contact, or airborne

Symptomatic: showing symptoms

Asymptomatic: showing no signs or symptoms

-Communicable diseases that can be asymptomatic: HIV, AIDS, TB, Hepatitis

Chain of Infection ALL 6 MUST BE PRESENT

• Etiologic Agent: # of microorganisms present, ability to enter and live in body, susceptibility of host

• Reservoir: sources of microorganisms. Humans, plants, animals. Food, water, feces. Carrier (doesn’t have signs)

• Portal of Exit: Before infection establishes, microorganisms must leave the reservoir. Nose, mouth, anus, urinary.

• Mode of Transmission: reach another individual or host

  -vehicle-borne: any substance. -vector-borne: animal/insect. -airborne: droplet All are indirect, direct would be touching.

• Portal of Entry: skin is barrier to infectious agent, a break in the skin can be a portal of entry. Often enters by the same route used to leave the body

• Susceptible Host: compromised= individual more likely to acquire an infection. Age: very young/old, Immunosuppression, Immune Deficiency Conditions

Normal Defense Mechanisms

-Nonspecific: protection from all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

-Specific: against identifiable bacteria, virus, or fungi

Anatomic and Physiological

Saliva, nasal, tears, intact skin, etc. (Nonspecific)

Antigen, Auto-antigen, Antibody (Specific)

Asepsis

-Medical Asepsis: confine specific microorganism to a specific area

-Surgical Asepsis: keep area or object free of microorganisms

Active Immunity: antibodies produced in response to antigen

Passive Immunity: Receive natural antibodies instead of producing

• Antigen: foreign substances that induce immune response in the body

• Antibody: blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

Stages of Inflammatory Response

1st: Vascular and Cellular: Increase in blood flow to area

2nd: Exudate Production: fluid and leukocytes (move to site of injury)

3rd: Reparative: repair of injured tissues by regeneration

Infection Prevention

Hand Hygiene, Standard Precautions, Immunizations

Teaching to Increase Healing

Talk and Demonstrate to clients

Types of Infections

-Localized: specific area of the body

s/s: swelling, pain, redness, exudate

-Systemic: microorganisms spread

s/s: Fever, Fatigue, Uncomfortable

Lab Data: Complete Blood Count (WBC)

Exudate

• Serous: clear, watery plasma

• Purulent: thick and yellow, brown, tan

• Serosanguineous: pale, red, watery

  mix of serous and sanguineous

• Sanguineous: bright red, actively bleeding

HAI

Hospital Acquired Infection

Originate in any healthcare setting

-Nosocomial Infection: originate in hospital, client stay or after discharge, Subgroup of HAI

Most at risk: young/old, weak immunity, medical conditions

• Iatrogenic: direct result of therapeutic/diagnostic procedures

• Endogenous: originate from client themselves

• Exogenous: hospital environment/personnel

#1 Way to Reduce Infection

Hand Hygiene and SP

For hand hygiene: wash 20 seconds, warm water, 4-5 mL (1 tsp) of soap

Antimicrobial Agents

Implement before invasive procedures

Decrease Susceptibility of Infections

Infection Control Procedures and Policies

Frequent and Proper Hand Hygiene

Keep Clean

Clean: absence of almost all microorganisms

Disinfect: using chemical preparation on objects

Sterile: destroys all microorganisms

CDC: Centers for Disease Control, regulates control of communicable diseases

WHO: World Health Organization, promote health and keep world safe, serve vulnerable

MSDS Sheets

Material Safety Data Sheets

detailed informational documents of products containing hazardous chemicals

Found on: Website of Manufacturer

Precautions

-Standard Precautions: General infection control to protect self and others from the spread of germs

-Transmission-Based Precautions: used to protect the nurse and others from acquiring infectious organisms

Airborne, Contact, Droplet

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

-Don: Hand Hygiene, Gown, Mask, Eyewear, Gloves

-Doff: Gloves, Hand Hygiene, Eyewear, Gown, Mask, Hand Hygiene

Disposing of Biohazard Waste

Enclosed in sturdy container, labeled with a color (usually red)

Equipment in Isolation Rooms

Place the equipment outside of the door that needs disinfected/sterilized. Keep the cleaning equipment inside of the room, clean daily.

Transporting a patient with TB

Take precautions and measures, wear a mask if airborne

Isolated Patient

Patient could have sensory deprivation, anxiety, boredom, etc.

Assess the need for stimulation, use least strict precautions as possible

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

Ensure safe and healthy working environment

Set and enforce standards, provide training and assistance

Exposure

-Puncture wound/laceration: Allow bleeding, do not squeeze. Clean with soap and water. Initiate first aid and seek treatment

-Mucous Membrane Exposure (nose, mouth, eyes): flush with saline or water for 5-10 minutes

CDC Recommendations for Post Exposure:

-HIV: Treatment asap, within hours of exposure, less effective after 24 hours

-HepB: anti-hepB testing after last vaccine, immune globulin, and/or vaccine 1-7 days following exposure for non-immune

-Blood-borne pathogen exposure: Report immediately, complete injury/accident report, see evaluation and follow up

Most Common Pathogens and Infectious Diseases they Produce

• Bacteria: C-diff

• Virus: HIV, Hep A,B,C,E, Human Papillomavirus

• Fungi: Tinea Pedis, Candidiasis, Histoplasmosis

• Parasite: Trichinosis, Giardiasis

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