Germany

When did the kaiser abdicate?

9 November 1918

What was the armistice?

TOV

What were the people who signed the armistice called?

The november criminals

What were the weaknesses of the new constitution

* article 49
* proportional representation

Whats proportional representation

% of votes = % of seats, extremists parties can get into power

Whats article 48

The president can act without reichstag approval in the times of emergency, not very democratic and very powerful

Why was the new constitution strong

* genuine democracy
* the power of the reichstag
* bill of rights

What age could germans vote

20

what rights did the bill of rights promise

* freedom of religion
* freedom of speech
* equality

What was the role of the reichstag

appoint the government and make new laws

Why was weimar unpopular

* signing of TOV
* stab in the back theory
* lost land
* no kaiser
* more democracy
* blamed for war

whats the stab in the back theory

The soldiers felt betrayed as Ebert signed the TOV and lost the war, they were being told they were winning and then they surrendered

Key terms of the TOV

* land


* army
* money
* blame

How was land effected

* Germany lost land around its boarders to france and belgium
* france took coal from the saar land
* rhineland was demilitarised
* the union of germany and austria was forbidden

How was army effected

* only 100,000 troops
* no submarines
* 6 battle ships
* 15,000 navy
* air forced abolished

How was money effected

* reparations would go to allies

How much reparations was germany required to pay

6\.6 billion

How was blame effected

Germany was forced to accept blame under an article, made germans hate the weimar government

What article caused the blame of germany after the war

article 231

What wing were the spartacists

left

When did the spartacists rebel in berlin

5-12 of january

How many members rebelled

50,000

Who led the spartascist uprising

Rosa luxemberg and karl liebknecht

What did the public do to support the spartacists

Strikes

How were the spartacists defeated

Freikorps army

What wing was the kapp putsch

right

Why did the kapp putsch happen

The freikorps had been disbanded due to the TOV conditions about the army

Who led the kapp putsch

Wolfgang kapp

How long did the kapp putsch last for

13-17 march

Who refused to attack the freikorps

the army

How did the kapp putsch come to an end

German workers went on strike

Why did the france occupy the ruhr

late payment for reparations

What did the government do about the occupation, how did france response

told the workers to be passive aggressive and to refuse work, france responded with violence towards workers

Consequences of the france occupation of the ruhr

* decided to print more money → decline in value of money → hyperinflation
* general strike

How did hyperinflation occur

* late payment
* frances occupation of the ruhr
* declining economy
* printing off money
* passive resistance in the ruhr

How did hyperinflation effect germany

* debts were paid off
* farmers got paid more for goods
* wages and prices increased, prices rapidly increased
* prices changed constantly

Reasons for economic recovery

* the work of stressemann
* dawes plan
* young plan
* retenmark

When did stressemann become chancellor

1923

Impact of retenmark on the economy

stabilised prices, stable economy again

Impact of the work of stressemann on the economy

convinced france to give back the ruhr by promising to pay back reparations

What was the dawes plan, what was the impact, when

* lowered reparations
* 800 million marks of loans from USA

Less pressure on germany to pay reparations, stable economy

\-1924

How much marks did the USA give for the loan

800 million

what was the young plan, what was the impact, when

* lowered reparations by 20%
* given 59 years to pay reparations

Less pressure on germany to pay reparations, stable economy

\-1929

Signs of recovery in the golden ages

* industrial production levels were higher than before WW1
* exports rose by 40 per cent
* hourly wages rose yearly
* pensions insurance
* health insurance
* unemployment insurance

Signs of continued weakness in the golden ages

* agriculture production did not improve
* spent more money on imports
* unemployment increased to 1.9 million
* german became dependent on USA loans
* increase in tax

How much did exports rise by

40%

What insurances were introduced and when

Pension, unemployment, health - 1927

How much did hourly wages rise in 1928

10%

What did unemployment increase to in 1929

1\.9 million

What domestic policies did stressemann introduce

* locarno pact
* joining of the league of nations
* kellogg-briand pact

What was the locarno pact, when

germany, france and belgium were to respect boarders, 1925

Whats the league of nations, when did germany join

collection of countries, gave more power and respect to germany - 1926

What was the kellogg-briand pact, when

peacefully settling disputes, 62 countries signed it, 1928

How many countries signed the kellogg-briand pact

62

How did living standards change

* rise in hourly wages


* pensions and sickness benefits
* compulsory unemployment insurance
* improved public areas

how many workers did the unemployment insurance cover

17 million

How many houses were built

2 million

What changes happened in the position of women

* work
* politics
* leisure

How did the world of work change for women

* welcomed to the workforce
* women in work increased

How many more women were working in 1925 than 1907

1\.7 million

How did politics change for women

* women participated in democracy
* politicians recognized women
* women became politicians

What didnt change via politics for women

* not all women participated
* politicians stereotyped women
* women didnt become very influential

What was the womens voting turnout in 1919

82%

What was the womens voting turnout compared to men in weimar

5-10% lower

How many representatives were women in parliament in 1933

4\.6%

How did leisure change for women

* more women took part in sports
* women would go out to dance alone
* lots of women attended cinemas

How many of people who attended cinemas were women

75%

How did leisure stay the same for women

* reading
* tea dances where they could meet young men
* needlework
* gymnastics

How many women were apart of the gymnastics association in 1914

88,000

How many women were apart of the gymnastics association in 1930

200,946

Whats the most influential visual arts movement in Weimar

Bauhaus school

who founded bauhaus school

walter gropius

What two things were introduced in art, films and agriculture

* expressionism
* experimentism

What did the removal of censorship allow in films, art and agriculture

more freedom in the choices and expressions

When did hitler join the german workers party

1919

When did hitler become the lead speaker for the germans workers party and when was the group named the Nazi party

1920

When did hitler become leader of the Nazi party

1921

what were some key nazi beliefs

* strong germany
* fuhrer
* master race
* anti jews and anti communists

How did the nazis appeal to the socialists

* farmers are to be given their land
* pensions should improve
* public industries should be owned by the states

How did the nazis appeal to the nationalists

* all german speaking people should be united
* TOV should be abolished
* should be a special law for foreigners

How many members did the nazi party have by 1923

55,000

What programme did the nazi party put their beliefs in

25 point programe

What was the role of the SA

The nazis private army- to intimidate and create fear for opposition

what was the nickname for the SA

brownshirts

How many members were in the SA by 1932

400,000

Reasons for munich putsch

* powerful SA
* inspired by mussolini
* hyperinflation
* strong nazi party

what two government officials did hitler hold at gun point

kahr and lossow

How did the munich putsch fail

kahr had escaped and called the police, the police met with the SA and hitlers supporters and defeated them and hitler fled

Short term failures of the munich putsch

* nazi party was banned
* hitler went to prison for treason

Long term successes of the munich putsch

* mein kampf- propaganda book
* reduced sentence to 8 months
* used the trial as propaganda
* hitler realised he had to change tactics to politically overthrowing weimar

Consequences of the munich putsch

* nazi party banned
* hitler imprisoned
* mein kampf
* hitler reorganised his party

When was the munich putsch

1923

How long was hitler sentenced for, how long did he serve

5 years, but only served 8 months

* also given very good treatment in prison and was allowed visitors

How many seats did the nazis have in the reichstag in 1924

32

How many seats did the nazis have in the reichstag in 1928

12

Why did the nazi party lose support in the ‘golden ages’

* weimar became more popular due to stressemann making germany improve in economics and politics
* hitler was imprisoned
* fail of the munich putsch
* nazi party was banned

When was the bamberg conference

1926

Consequences of the bamberg conference

* communist policies would not be allowed or used
* remade 25 point programme with some socialist ideas
* members must follow all of the leaders instructions

How did the great depression occur

US called in the loans → german industry lost finace, production and workers → wages dropped and prices increase

Causes in a rise in unemployment

* cost more to keep staff, so staff were fired
* people spent less → less profit → more costs → fired staff to lower costs