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Caliph
The successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community
Sunni
Followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads
Shi’a
Followers of Ali’s interpretation of Islam
Ramadan
The ninth month of the Islamic year that requires daily fasting from sunrise to sunset
Saladin
12th-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms
Sufis
Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions
Sultan
Word meaning “victorious”; came to designate Muslim rulers
State of the Malinke people, centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers
Axum
(1st-6th centuries C.E.) developing in the Ethiopian highlands and traded with India and the Mediterranean areas to gain Greek and Arabian cultural influences; conversion of the king to Christianity in 350 C.E. laid the basis for Ethiopian Christian culture
Songhay
Successor state to Mail; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao
Hausa
Peoples of the northern Nigera who formed states after the Songhay, combining Muslim and pagan traditions
Great Zimbabwe
With massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa
Mansa Musa
First Muslim ruler of Mali, performed the Hajj, wealthiest leader in history
Ibn Battuta
Traveled along Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade routes, and Trans-Saharan trade routes recording history along the way
Margery Kempe
English pilgrim who went to Jerusalem and documented her travels. Mystic who wrote about personal relationship and messages with Jesus
AI-Andalus
Umayyad Islamic empire in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
Neo-confucianism
Combination of Daoist and Buddhist ideologies with confucianism
Caravanserai
rest stops along Silk and Trans-Saharan trade routes that allowed travelers to rest and care for their animals
Diasporic Communities
Groups or people who settled new area to participate in trade networks, creating new relationships and opportunities in their new homes
Theravada Buddhism
Form of Buddhism as a Philosophy centered on humans and self-improvement to escape reincarnation and Buddha is an important figure to model behavior
Mahayana Buddhism
Form of Buddhism that includes religious elements like gods and views Buddha and other spiritual leaders as Bodhisattva; more ritualized prayers and ceremonies
Rajput
Hindu kingdoms that failed to centralize in Northern India (present day Pakistan) and were repeatedly attacked by Muslim warriors
Srivijaya
Southeast Asian Kingdom centered in Sundra and Malacca Straits between China and India to control trade; heavily influenced by Buddhism
Majapahit
Southeast Asian empire centered in modern-day Indonesia to control Indian Ocean trade; heavily influenced by Hinduism
Khmer
Southeast Asian empire centered in modern-day Cambodia to control trade between India and China; heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism
Sukhothai
Southeast Asia empire that broke away from Khmer and created government influenced by Theravada Buddhism; tribute state of China