microbes in human welfare.

NCERT XII

rod shaped and spherical shape magnification

1500 X

rod shaped bacteria with flagellum magnification

50000X

bacteriophage, adenovirus ( respiratory infections ), rod shaped tobacco mosaic virus magnification

100,000 to 150,000

LAB ( lactic acid bacteria )

Gram-positive bacteria

Convert milk to curd

Increase vitamin B₁₂ content

check disease causing microbes in stomach

E.g. Lactobacillus

cheese

partially degraded concentrate of milk fat and casein ( milk protein )

swiss cheese

propionibacterium sharmanii

has big holes due to CO2 release

roquefort cheese

fungi penicillium roquefortii

camembert cheese

penicillium camembertii

bakers yeast

saccharomyces cerevisae

bread produces

co2 and ethyl alcohol which makes bread porous and soft

swelling of dough

leavening

caused by maltase, amylase, zymase

dosa and idli

fermented rice and black gram

microbe - leuconostoc and streptococcus

traditional drink of south india

toddy - fermenting palm ( caryota urens )

fermentors

graowing microbes in large vessels

alcoholic fermentation

brewers yeast - sacchromyces cerevisiae

ethanol

malted cereals, molassses, fruit juices.

molasses

commom substrate for ethanol production

low alcohol concentration

wine and beer

high alcoholic concentration

whisky brandy and rum

wine

fruit juices

9% to 12%

whiskey

fermented cereals

50%

brandy

fruit juices

60% to 70%

rum

molasses

40%

gin

rye malt

40 %

vodka

potato

60% to 80%

antibiotic

against life ( wrt disease causing )

pro life ( wrt humans )

first antibiotic

penicillin

discovered by alexander fleming

full potential of penicillin

ernest chain howard florey

award noble

alexander fleming

howard florey

ernest chain

aspergillus niger

citric acid

used in dyeing inks meds flavor and preservation

acetobacter aceti

acetic acid

vinegar prep

clostridium butylicum

butyric acid

rancid butter

lactobacillus

lactic acid

curd

aspergillus niger, penicillin

gluconic acid

gluconate source

calcium to infant and lactating mother

lipases

in detergent

remove oily stains

from candida lipolytica and geotrichum candidum

pectinase and proteases

clarify fruit juices

aspergillus niger, byssochlamys fulvo - pectinase

protease - aspergillus and bacillus

strepto kinase

clot buster

from streptococcus

amylase

degrade starch

obtained from aspergillus niger , rhizopus, bacillus

cyclosporine A

immunosuppressive

from fungus trichoderma polysporum

statins

monascus purpureus

blood cholesterol lowering agent

inhibitors for B hydroxy B methylglutaryl

HMG coA reductase

primary treatment

removal of large and small particles through sedimentation and filtration

flocs

masses of heterotrophic bacteria w fungal associations to form mesh like structures

biogas

ch4 h2s co2

pollution of our rivers

ganga action plan ( 1985 ) yamuna action plan

ch4

50 - 70

co2

30 to 40

biogas tech

iari indian agricultural research institute

khadi and villge industrial commission (kvic)