Muscle Origins and Insertions

Upper Trapezius

O: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, spinous processes of cervical vertebrae via the nuchal line

I: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion process

Middle Trapezius

O: Spinous process of C7 - T3 via the supraspinal ligament

I: Medial aspect of the acromion and spine of the scapula

Lower Trapezius

O: Spinous processes of T4-12 via supraspinal ligament

I: Base of the spine of the scapula

Levator Scapula

O: Transverse processes C1-C4

I: Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and the spine of the scapula

Rhomboid

O: Spinous processes of C7 through T5 via the nuchal and supraspinal ligaments

I: Vertebral border of the scapula between the base of the spine of the scapula and the inferior angle

Serratus Anterior

O: Lateral surface of 1st - 8th ribs

I: Vertebral border of the scapula, anterior surface

Pectoralis minor

O: Anterior surface of 3rd - 5th ribs

I: Coracoid process of the scapula

Deltoid (anterior portion)

O: Lateral third of the clavicle

I: Deltoid tuberosity

Deltoid (middle portion)

O: Acromion process

I: Deltoid tuberosity

Deltoid (posterior portion)

O: Spine of scapula

I: Deltoid tuberosity

Biceps brachii (long head)

O: Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

I: Radial tuberosity of the radius

Biceps brachii (short head)

O: Coracoid process of the scapula

I: Radial tuberosity of the radius

Coracobrachialis

O: Coracoid process of the scapula

I: Medial surface of the humerus near the midpoint

Pectoralis major (clavicular portion)

O: Medial third of the clavicle

I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus (inferior to sternal portion)

Pectoralis major (sternal portion)

O: Sternum, costal cartilage of the first six ribs

I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus (superior to the clavicular portion)

Latissimus Dorsi

O: Via the thoracolumbar fascia, the spinous processes of T7-L5, posterior surface of the iliac crest and sacrum, and lower three ribs

I: Floor of the bicipital groove

Teres major

O: Inferior axillary border of scapula near the inferior angle

I: Medial lip of the bicipital groove

Triceps Brachii (long head)

O: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

I: Olecranon process of ulna

Triceps Brachii (lateral head)

O: Inferior to the greater tubercle on the posterior humerus

I: Olecranon process of ulna

Triceps Brachii (medial head)

O: Posterior surface of the humerus

I: Olecranon process of ulna

Supraspinatus

O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula

I: Greater tubercle of the humerus (superior portion)

Infraspinatus

O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula

I: Greater tubercle of the humerus (posterior portion)

Teres minor

O: Axillary border of the scapula

I: Greater tubercle of the humerus (posterior portion, slightly lower than the infraspinatus)

Subscapularis

O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula

I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus

Brachialis

O: Anterior surface of the distal half of the humerus

I: Ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna

Brachioradialis

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge on the humerus

I: Distal lateral aspect of the radius proximal to styloid process of the radius

Anconeus

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: Lateral and inferior to triceps on the olecranon process (some fibers on the annular ligament)

Pronator teres

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna

I: Lateral aspect of the radius at its midpoint

Pronator quadratus

O: Anterior distal one-fourth of the ulna

I: Anterior distal one-fourth of the radius

Supinator

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and adjacent ulna

I: Anterior surface of the proximal radius

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon

I: Pisiform and base of the fifth metacarpal

Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon

I: Base of the second and third metacarpals

Palmaris Longus (PL)

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common flexor tendon

I: Palmar aponeurosis

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus

I: Base of the second metacarpal

Extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon

I: Base of the third metacarpal

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon

I: Base of the fifth metacarpal

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

O: Common flexor tendon on the medial epicondyle, coronoid process, and radius

I: Side of the middle phalanx of the four fingers

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (hand/forearm)

O: Coronoid process and proximal three-fourths of ulna

I: Distal phalanx of the four fingers

Flexor Pollicis Longus

O: Radius, anterior surface of the radius, interosseus membrane

I: Distal phalanx of the thumb

Abductor Pollicis Longus

O: Posterior middle portions of radius and ulna, and interosseous membrane

I: Base of the first metacarpal (the thumb)

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

O: Posterior distal radius and interosseus membrane

I: Base of proximal phalanx of the thumb

Extensor Pollicis Longus

O: Posterior middle portions of the ulna and interosseous membrane

I: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

Extensor Digitorum

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via the common extensor tendon

I: Base of the distal phalanx of second (index) through fifth (pinky) fingers

Extensor Indicis

O: Distal ulna and interosseous membrane

I: Base of the distal phalanx of the index finger

Extensor Digiti Minimi

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus via common extensor tendon

I: Base of distal phalanx of the little finger

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

O: Trapezium and flexor retinaculum

I: Proximal phalanx of the thumb

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

O: Scaphoid, trapezium, and flexor retinaculum

I: Proximal phalanx of the thumb

Opponens Pollicis

O: Trapezium and flexor retinaculum

I: First metacarpal (the thumb)

Flexor Digiti Minimi

O: Hamate and flexor retinaculum

I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger

Abductor Digiti Minimi

O: Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

I: Proximal phalanx of little finger

Opponens Digiti Minimi

O: Hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum

I: Ulnar border of the fifth metacarpal (the pinky)

Adductor Pollicis

O: Oblique head: Capitate, bases of second and third metacarpals; transverse head: distal two-thirds of palmar surface of the third metacarpal

I: Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

Dorsal Interossei

O: Adjacent metacarpals

I: Base of the proximal phalanges of the index, middle, and ring fingers

Palmar Interossei

O: Second, fourth, and fifth metacarpals

I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the index, ring, and little fingers

Lumbricals

O: Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle

I: Lateral aspect of extensor expansion of the four fingers

Temporalis

O: Temporal fossa

I: Coronoid process and ramus of mandible

Masseter

O: Zygomatic arch

I: Angle, ramus, and coronoid process of mandible

Medial Pterygoid

O: Lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the tuberosity of the maxilla

I: Ramus and angle of the mandible

Lateral Pterygoid

O: Lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid

I: Neck of mandible, articular disc, capsule of the TMJ

Mylohyoid

O: Inner aspect of the mandible

I: Hyoid

Geniohyoid

O: Mental spine at midline inside the mandible

I: Hyoid

Stylohyoid

O: Styloid process of the temporal bone

I: Hyoid

Digastric

O: Anterior belly: intermediate tendon, posterior belly: mastoid

I: Anterior belly: inner inferior mandible, posterior belly: intermediate tendon, some fibers attach to hyoid

Sternohyoid

O: Posterior medial end of the clavicle, sternoclavicular ligament, manubrium of sternum

I: Inferior border of the hyoid bone

Omohyoid

O: Inferior belly: superior border of the scapula and suprascapular ligament, superior belly: intermediate tendon

I: Inferior belly: intermediate tendon, superior belly: inferior border of hyoid bone

Sternothyroid

O: Manubrium of sternum and cartilage of the 1st rib

I: Thyroid cartilage

Thyrohyoid

O: Thyroid cartilage

I: Inferior border of the hyoid bone

Sternocleidomastoid

O: Sternum and clavicle

I: Mastoid process

Scalene(s)

O: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

I: First and second ribs

Splenius Capitis

O: Lower half of nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3

I: Lateral occipital bone; mastoid process

Splenius Cervicis

O: Spinous processes of T3-T6

I: Transverse processes of C1-C3

External Intercostals

O: Lower border of the rib above

I: Upper border of the rib below

Internal Intercostals

O: Upper surfaces of the costal cartilages and rib below

I: Costal cartilage and inferior surface of the rib above

Rectus Abdominis

O: Pubic crest

I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of 5th through 7th ribs

Transverse abdominis

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia; costal cartilages of the lower 7 ribs

I: Pubic crest, linea alba via abdominal aponeurosis

External Oblique

O: Lateral surface of lower 8 ribs

I: Iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba via the abdominal aponeurosis

Internal Oblique

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracic columbar fascia

I: 8th through 12th ribs, linea alba, via the abdominal aponeurosis

Quadratus Lumborum

O: Iliac crest

I: 12th rib; transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae

Iliocostalis Lumbar Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Sacrum and lumbar transverse processes

I: Lower borders of angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs

Iliocostalis Thoracic Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Angles of lower 6 ribs medial to insertion of the iliocostalis lumborum

I: Upper borders of angles of the upper 6 ribs

Iliocostalis Cervical Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Angles of the 3rd through 6th ribs

I: Transverse processes of the 4th through 6th cervical vertebrae

Longissimus Thoracic Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, lumbodorsal fascia

I: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, lower 9 or 10 ribs proximal to the angles of the ribs

Longissimus Cervical Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Transverse processes of the upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae

I: Transverse processes of the 2nd to 6th cervical vertebrae

Longissimus Capital Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Transverse processes of upper 4 or 5 thoracic vertebrae; articular processes of lower 3 or 4 cervical vertebrae

I: Posterior margin of the mastoid process

Spinalis Thoracic Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Spines of the 1st and 2nd lumbar and 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae

I: Spines of upper 4 to 8 thoracic vertebrae

Spinalis Cervical Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Spines of the 1st and 2nd thoracic and 7th cervical vertebrae; lower ligamentum nuchae

I: Spines of second, and sometimes third and fourth, vertebrae

Spinalis Capital Portion (Erector Spinae)

O: Transverse processes of upper 6 or 7 thoracic and 7th cervical vertebrae; articular processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae

I: Occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines

Semispinalis Thoracic Portion (Transversospinalis)

O: Transverse processes of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae

I: Spinous processes of 1st to 4th thoracic and 6th to 7th cervical vertebrae

Semispinalis Cervical Portion (Transversospinalis)

O: Transverse processes of upper 6 thoracic vertebrae; articular processes of lower 4 cervical vertebrae

I: Spinous processes of 2nd - 5th cervical vertebrae

Semispinalis Capital Portion (Transversospinalis)

O: Transverse processes of upper 6 thoracic and 7th cervical vertebrae; articular processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae

I: Occipital bone

Semispinalis Rotatores (Transversospinalis)

O: Transverse processes of the thoracic vertebra below

I: Lamina of vertebra above

Semispinalis Multifidus (Transversospinalis)

O: Sacrum, posterior sacroiliac ligament; transverse processes of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae; articular processes of lower 4 cervical vertebrae

I: Spinous processes of vertebrae above

Interspinales

O: Spinous process of vertebra below

I: Spinous process of vertebra above

Intertransversarii

O: Transverse process of vertebra below

I: Transverse process of vertebra above

Diaphragm

O: Xiphoid process, ribs, lumbar vertebrae

I: Central tendon

Iliopsoas

O: Iliacus: Iliac fossa

Psoas major: transverse processes, bodies, and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 vertebrae

I: Lesser trochanter

Rectus Femoris

O: AIIS

I: Tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

Sartorius

O: ASIS

I: Anterior medial surface of the medial condyle of the tibia (pes anserine)

Pectineus

O: Superior ramus of the pubis

I: Pectineal line of the femur

Adductor longus

O: Anterior pubis

I: Middle third of the linea aspera