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Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display what? (3)
Uncontrolled growth
Invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues
Metastasis or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood
Explanation:
Uncontrolled growth – may abnormal proliferation ng cells
Invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues – at nadedestroy even the healthy cells
Metastasis or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood. – nagkakaroon ng spreading sa other locations ng body usually lymph or blood.
Now, obviously, because the cells become abnormal, hindi na siya nagiging functional at nagiging fatal siya for a person.
What are the two pathways that cancer cells use to metastasize?
via the Lymph or Blood
Cancers are classified by what?
The type of cell that the tumor resembles and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor
What are the different types of cancer cells? (CSLLGB)
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Germ Cell Tumor
Blastoma
Carcinoma is a cancer derived from what cell?
Epithelial cells that line/cover the body parts
This group of cancer includes many of the most cancers such that of breast, prostate, lung, and colon.
Carcinoma
Sarcoma is a cancer derived from what type of cell?
from Mesenchymal cells or connective tissue
Lymphoma and Leukemia are cancer derived from which cells?
Hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells
Germ Cell Tumor is a cancer derived from what cell?
Pluripotent cells
These are stem cells that give rise to several different types of cells.
Pluripotent cells .
Blastoma is a cancer derived from?
immature "precursor" or embryonic tissue
This is the type of cancer that already forms during intrauterine life, and are common in children
Blastoma
What are the two causes of Cancers?
Genetics (5-10%)
Environmental (90-95%)
Before, cancer is known to be genetic in origin. TF?
True
What are the different environmental causes of cancer?
Tobacco – vices
Unhealthy Diet – many of the foods that we eat may contain carcinogens.
Infections
Radiation – from sun or x-ray machines
Stress
Lack of Physical Activity
Environmental Pollutants – e.g. poor air quality
Regardless of the type of cancer, there is a general management for cancer which is usually a combination of 3 things which are?
Combination of:
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgery
In this type of management, you use or you give very strong chemicals that will kill the cancer cells.
Chemotherapy
Cancer cell are hard to kill because they can rapidly spread and proliferate (metastasize). TF?
True
Chemotherapy is usually a selective type of treatment. TF?
False.
It is non-selective
Meaning yes they may kill the cancer cells, pero di kayang mapili yung cancer cell alone. Kumbaga may mga healthy cells na maaapektuhan.
In this type of management, the patient is given radioactive substances.
Radiation Therapy
This type of radiation therapy can be implanted in the tumor then will kill the cancer cell.
Internal Radiation
In this type of radiation, radiowaves are used wherein a machine is pointed on the site to kill the cancer cells.
External radiation
In this type of cancer management, the cancer cell tumor is removed from the organ/adjacent tissues.
Surgery
This cancer management refers to relieving the suffering of the person by improving the quality of life, which are usually for those with life-threatening diseases or end-stage diseases like cancer.
Palliative Care
In this type of cancer management, what is employed are herbal therapies, dietary regimens, mind-body interventions (yoga, acupuncture, massage etc.)
Alternative Treatment
Anticancer drugs are selective. TF?
False
Non-selective
Side effects are most often permanent. TF?
False
most often temporary
The most common route of giving chemotherapy is through what?
The vein (IV)
A general practitioner can give chemotherapeutic drugs. TF?
False
Chemotherapeutic drugs should be given by trained doctors or nurses in the field of cancer
When taking chemotherapeutic drugs, multidrug resistance can occur. TF?
True
Combination therapy is used in treating cancer because it is more effective to combine chemotherapy with other types of management. TF?
True
What are the different General Adverse Reactions to Chemotherapy by a patient?
Bone Marrow Suppression
Gastrointestinal Disturbances
Alopecia
Infertility
Bone Marrow produces which cells?
RBC
WBC
Platelets
During chemotherapy, there is bone marrow suppression. This leads to the decrease of which cells?
Low RBC Count
Low WBC Count
Low Platelet Count
This is because it is the bone marrow that produces these cells. Therefore, if it's inhibited, nobody will produce these cells which will lead to their decrease.
When there is Low RBC Count, the patient is at risk for what?
Anemia
This is because there is low hemoglobin wherein there will be low-oxygen carry capacity, that could lead to episodes of shortness of breath.
What is the cause of the shortness of breath when patients undergo chemotherapy?
This is because of the decreased RBC count wherein there would be not enough RBC to carry oxygen (low oxygen carrying capacity) which makes it hard for the patient to breathe.
Why is a patient undergoing chemotherapy immunocompromised so they must be well-protected to prevent getting sick?
This is because of the Low WBC Count
When there is low platelet count during chemotherapy, there is an increased risk for what?
Bleeding
What do you need to teach a patient undergoing chemotherapy, considering that he has a low platelet count?
He has an increased risk for bleeding so teach him to use soft-bristle toothbrush, because brushing the teeth may cause easy bleeding sa gums, lalo na sa mucous membrane for they are thin.
For males, teach them to use electric razors to prevent them from getting pricked when they shave using manual razors.
Chemotherapy can cause a lot of gastrointestinal disturbances, such as?
Anorexia
Nausea and Vomiting
Diarrhea
Mucositis
To prevent vomiting, chemotherapeutic patients are given what type of medication?
Anti-emetics
Because there is diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia when undergoing chemotherapy, what do you need to assess to the patient?
Check problems associated with fluid and electrolyte
Mucositis is common in patients undergoing chemo. TF?
True
This is because chemotherapy drugs can kill the cancer cells so what more ang cells ng ating katawan na maninipis lang and one of which is mucositis or the membranes of the oral cavity. Kaya nga importante ang pagtuturo ng soft-bristle toothbrush.
Why does alopecia occur during chemotherapy?
This is because the cells of the hair is also thin.
Another, sa mga maninipis na cells natin na madaling mamatay because of chemotherapy, is the cells of our hair, that’s why alopecia can occur. Nagkakaroon sila ng pagka-kalbo during the chemotherapy cycle.
Alopecia in chemotherapy is permanent. TF?
False
It is temporary, after the cycle, the hair will grow back.
During chemotherapy, the mother can still get pregnant. TF?
True
There is only infertility, meaning, there is only difficulty in conceiving a child, not necessarily impossible.
Adverse reactions of chemotherapy are all temporary. TF?
True
These adverse reactions are temporary depending on the cycle of the chemotherapy. Minsan may mga chemotherapy cycle na it occurs one cycle for this month and then next cycle another month. So kung halimbawa, three cycles ang chemotherapy nya tuloy tuloy doon nya pwede maexperience ang mga adverse effects. But after the cycle mawawala ang mga temporary adverse effects.