AP World History Unit 6: 1750-1900

AP World History Unit 6: 1750-1900

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Rationales for imperialism

• The industrial revolution led to a new wave of imperialism

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Culture

• All the imperialism during this time was mostly being done by Europeans
• Europeans believed in the superiority of white people as well as their culture
• White man’s burden (Rudyard Kipling)- the call for white colonizers and go and impose European culture upon the black subjects of their colonies
• Social Darwinism (Charles Darwin)- the application of the theory of the survival of the fittest to daily life; strong nations have the right to take over weaker nations
• European nations were the wealthiest countries in the world during this time
• Religion- European missionaries spread the world trying to convert all people to Christianity, and these efforts often failed due to a lack of presence in some parts of a continent
• The missionaries built partly secular schools, hospitals, and published papers against slavery

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Nationalism

• Nationalism- when a group of people have a strong common identity and become loyal to a single state
• Imperialism provided a way for nations to flex their strength to other countries through the conquering of land

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Britain

• After they lost the Americas, Britain established an empire so big that they said the sun never sets on it.
• The most efficient of these colonies was India which were the most valuable colony to the British

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France

• Established colonies in North Africa, Algeria, West Africa, and Indochina (Southeast Asia)
• This was so they wouldn’t be out conquered by the British who had a massive empire

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Japan

• Sino-Japanese War- a war that was caused by Japan trying to influence Korea’s economy and politics, and this angered the Qing dynasty in China (1894)
• Japan won due to the Meiji restoration (Japan’s industrialization process) and took over Korea as a colony

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Economic Motives

• Industrial powers needed raw materials to continue growing economically
• They also needed new markets to sell these goods in
• EX: (the British, French, and Dutch established trade agreements with west Africa, the east indies, and India)
• This also gave European colonies the right to defend the trading posts (aka ARMIES CONQUERING THE LAND)
• This led to most of the European countries conquering the territory in foreign countries where there were trading posts
• This led to Britain being the wealthiest economy in the world, however eventually challenged by the US as other countries not in Europe or the Americas lost power

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State Expansion

Imperialism- when a country extends its power and influence into other countries through diplomacy or force

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Africa

• The Europeans had been in Africa since the 1800s because they had trading posts across the continent

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England

• They wanted a shorter sea-based route to the Asian trading routes
• Suez Canal (1869)- A canal that connected the mediterranean sea and the red sea
• In 1882, the British claimed the Suez Canal from the ottomans
• The British started to take over east Africa by force due to the Africans resisting the British imperialism

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        France

• France took Algeria from the ottomans in 1930 and then converted it to a settler colony
• Settler Colony- a colony where people from an imperial country relocate to that country to live there
• French, Spanish, and Italian people moved to Algeria as it was a settler colony

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Scramble for Africa

• Scramble for Africa- the scramble for land in Africa by European countries eventually led to war due to high levels of competition
• Berlin Conference- the meeting where the imperialist leader of Europe would decide how to split up Africa without thinking of the cultural conflicts it caused
• The Europeans started establishing colonies in Africa in 1875

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Belgium

• First colonizers of Africa
• King Leopold the II- King of Belgium during the scramble for Africa and claimed his territories as personal property and not Belgium's property and became very rich
• Used Forced labor to extract ivory and rubber from the land and killed nearly 8 million people

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Asia        British in India

• British East India Company (joint-stock company) took territory from the weakened Mughal empire
• Did this by using Sepoys (special Indian soldiers) to conquer the land

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China

• China was facing trouble due to natural disasters and internal rebellions
• The European countries demanded trading rights with China and China was forced to accept
• The Qing Dynasty remained in power, but the Europeans had trading rights that increased their influence

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Japan

• Japan wanted to colonize other lands due to its military strength and lack of natural resources
• Japan eventually took over Korea, parts of Southeast Asia, and parts of China
• The Dutch also tried to take over Southeast Asia and took over after the Dutch East India companies’ failure

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Australia and New Zealand

• Both of these were conquered by the British
• Australia was used as a Penal Colony (a place to send prisoners)
• Australia eventually became a settler colony due to gold, wool production and copper
• New Zealand was a settler colony despite the Maori people already living there
• New Zealand Wars- War between the British and the Maori people which the Maori lost

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United States

• The US expanded to the pacific ocean because of the Manifest Destiny
• Indian Removal Act (1830)- systematic removal of Indians in the east to the midwest on reservations
• Spanish American War (1898)- The Americans declared war on Spain and won the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba

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Russia

• Catherine II won half of Poland from the ottoman empire
• Alexander I conquered Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Finland and part of Armenia

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Indigenous Responses to State ExpansionAmerica (north and south)

• Proclamation of 1763-  reserved all the land in the Ohio River valley for the Native Americans
• The American colonists pushed into this land and eventually expanded after they claimed independence after the revolution

        Cherokee Indians

• They became culturally like the Americans
• Adopted American culture and created a constitutional government
• Gold was found on the Cherokee land led to the American government passing the Indian Removal Act (1830) which sent the Cherokee to Oklahoma along the trail of tears
• Ghost dance- ritualistic dances and songs performed to enact the prophecy that the ancestral dead would come back on earth and free the indians from the Europeans
• Wounded knee Conflict (1890)- Sioux Indians were destroyed by the Americans and therefore ended the Indian Wars

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Mexico

• Benito Juarez- Mexican president who was a liberal and hated foreign influence in Mexico
• The conservative members of Mexico partnered with the french to overthrow Juarez
• French rule only lasted for three years after they were overthrown by the mexicans

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Australia

• Australia was a penal colony and eventually, settlers also came and settled there
• Settlers began pushing into native lands after realizing the natives had no power in the British parliament
• The natives rose up to fight but the British killed the native uprisings with 1000s of deaths

Africa

• The Europeans set up colonial governments in Africa after colonizing them

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South Africa

• The Xhosa people fought with the British for nearly 40 years to try to get them to leave
• Their cattle started dying from European diseases, so they killed them so the spirits would drive the Europeans out
• Xhosa Cattle killing Movement- the Xhosa killed over 400k of their cattle in order to drive the British out but this just lead to famine and death

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West Africa

• Sokoto Caliphate- It was established in 1804 to purify the people from the Islamic Hausa tribes
• The caliphate had a thriving economy due to the slave trade
• The British took over the caliphate and it became a colony
• Wassolou Empire (1868)- established by Samory Toure and they fought France in the Samory Toure Wars
• France won, and established a colony there

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East Africa

• Mahdist Revolt- revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad (Sudan) and he defeated the British forces with his own army
• The movement ended after Ahmad died and eventually the british took over again

        Balkans

• The Ottomans were beginning to lose their grip on the Balkans
• This led to Nationalism in the Balkans due to the resentment of the ottomans
• Many of the Balkan states gained their freedom from this

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Global economic development

• Economics was the biggest driving force of imperial expansion
• Countries needed more raw materials and more food to feed the population due to industrialization

Agriculture

• Africa was a key target of European Imperial expansion and they imposed Cash Crop farming
• Cash Crop Farming- a crop that is grown for sale in a distance market (coffee, rubber, sugar)
• The middle class grew as a consequence of industrialization
• Argentina and Uruguay exported tons of beef to the Americas and Europe, using new refrigeration technology
• The demand for fertilizer also increased as did agriculture, Peru and Chile exported massive amounts of guano across the world

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Raw Materials

• Industrial factories needed raw materials to produce goods for sale

Cotton

• 80% of British cotton for textiles was imported from the Americas
• After the civil war, England switched its cotton producers to Egypt and 90% of Egypt’s exports were cotton
• India also exported Cotton to England

        Rubber

• Rubber was used for tires, soles of shoes, and hoses and gaskets for machines
• Colonial forces forced the natives in South America to produce the rubber from trees

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Palm Oil

• Came from west Africa and was great for lubricating machines
• Palm oil became a cash crop and slaves were used to produce it

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Diamonds

• South African Diamond rush- 1871
• South Africa was exporting 90% of the world’s diamonds due to DeBeers mining company
• Rhodes (founder of DeBeers company) was elected aas prime minister of the cape colony
• His policies laid the foundation of aparteid

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Consequences of Global Economic DevelopmentThe increasingly connected global economy

• Industrial nations needed raw materials and food for their societies to prosper
• These raw materials were produced into products and then given back to colonies to be sold
• Refrigeration was a major invention that made it easier to transport food

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Narrowing and Weakening of Colonial Economies

• Cash Crops often caused colonies to grow nothing besides that to export
• This led to certain colones being economically dependent on one resource and basically tied to that plant as a way of making money
• EX: (cotton which depletes soil nutrients)

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Causes of Migration

• Economies  being globalized led to an increase in migration throughout the world

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Migration through Labor Systems

• There was an increasing movement that called for the abolition of slavery, but this led to many countries not having workers to do the jobs slaves once did
• This led to the introduction of immigrants from other countries coming to work in the fields slaves did before
• Indentured Servants- a system that was attractive to poor laborers because it allowed them to work a number of years to pay for their travel to this land then they were set free and allowed to do whatever they wanted
• After they finished their servitude, servants could go back to their home country or stay and influence the culture
• EX: (indian influence in Mauritius and Fiji, due to Indian workers once working there)
• Contract Labor- people who would work for small wages and did the exact same jobs; their condition wasn’t that different from that of actual slaves
• EX: (countries in the Caribbean profiting from Chinese and Indian laborers working on sugar cane)
• Penal Colony- a colony where countries send their criminals to do hard labor, and after their sentence, usually returned back to their home country
• EX: (Australia’s convicts building railroads, and France’s devil Island)

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Migration in the face of challenges

• Diaspora- a scattered geographic population whose origin is from a different country or region

        Indians

• There was a lot of poverty in India and this led to mass migration
• The British offered these people opportunities to work in Fiji and Mauritius
• Most of these people became indentured servants who returned home after their time away

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China

• There was a lot of famine and poverty in China, which led to mass migration to America
• Many chinese people went to America because of the trans continental railroad and the oppurtunites it offered

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Ireland

• Irish people experienced discrimination from the british because of their religion and they fled
• Great Irish Potato Famine- a sickness among potato crops led to a large amount of the lower population of Irish being hungry and leaving to the United States
• These people mainly worked as miners and factory workers and also still faced discrimination

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Establishment of Settler Colonies

• Settler Colony- a colony that's established so people go and live their
• Most of these people were technical experts like engineers
• Many people immigrated to settler colonies because colonial powers wanted industrialization and western technologies  to extend into these lands
• EX: (People in south Africa building railroads and roads)
• Japan tried to conquer Mexico but failed
• This still led the Japanese to settle in Mexico, Hawaii, and parts of the western US
• The Japanese established a diaspora in Hawaii and the western US

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Effects of MigrationEffects of Migration on Home Society

• Men often migrated to other countries during this time because of the chance of earning more money
• This led to women having more responsibility in the family
• Women often had stronger roles in the family even after the men returned compared to before
• Another male family member could also take the role of the male in the family so that not much changed

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Effects of Migration on receiving societies

• When people migrated they eventually spread their culture as well
• Enclave- when migrants of the same culture found each other in these new cultures and lived together
• The cultures often influenced society in terms of food, religion, or language

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Chinese Enclaves

• Chinese people bought their culture with them wherever they moved across the world
• The Chinese in Southeast Asia ended up pretty good with some even holding government jobs in the dutch east indies
• In Indochina, the Chinese engaged in commerce with the French government
• In Malaya, the Chinese ran opium farms and earned a lot of money through this
• The Chinese eventually came to America because of the California Gold Rush but were used mostly in the building of the transcontinental railroad
• Chinese people also moved to Cuba and Peru to work in sugar plantations
• Chinese specifically left an impact on the food of different cultures

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Indian Cultural Encalves

• Most Indians signed with the British system of indentured servitude and were moved all across the British empire
• In Mauritius and Natal, they worked on sugar plantations and built railroads
• Most of these people were Hindu and believed in the caste system. However, this culture didn't spread because the land outside India was not Hindu Dominated
• They did, however, build household shrines to the gods
• Kangani- sent Indian families to work in Malaya and Ceylon and Burma, and often moved as whole families compared to one person due to one person
• Indian immigrants also moved often to the caribbean and make up a lot of the population there

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Irish Immigrant Enclaves

• Most of the irish came to other countries due to the Great Potato Famine
• They settled in urban areas, took low paying jobs, and lived in tenements
• The irish were also discriminate against because they were Roman Catholic
• Americans embraced Irish Music, dance, and Saint Patrick’s day
• The irish also influenced culture by joining and founding labor unions
• They also spread Catholicism

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Italian Cultural Enclaves

• A lot of Italians went to Argentina and influenced the culture their
• The Argentine constitution encouraged immigrants and gave them the same rights as natives
• The Italian Language also influenced Argentina to the point where it became the second language of sorts
• Approximately 25% of Argentinians have Italian heritage

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Responses to Immigrants

• Most immigrants were hated because they worked for lower wages than the native people
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- banned the immigration of Chinese people to the Americas
• The Chinese immigration act of 1855- set a limit of Chinese people allowed in Australia due to the high number of Chinese people
• White Australia Policy (1901)- even though the people in Australia were on the decline, the British passed this act to stop all people who weren't British from moving to Austalia

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Economic Imperialism

Economic imperialism- a situation in which a country has more economic power over another country

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Economic Imperialism in Asia

• Spheres of Influence- the splitting up of china so that different countries would get exclusive trading rights inside China

India

• British East India Company established itself in India in the 1600s for the Indian spices
• Britain started putting more and more influence on India, and eventually, England changed India’s produce to cotton because they needed cotton

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China

• The British wanted massive amounts of porcelain, silk, and tea
• However, the Chinese did not want any of the British goods so this caused a trade deficit
• To combat this trade deficit, the British started bringing opium and selling it to the Chinese
• Opium Wars-  a series of conflicts in which the Chinese tried to get the British out of china in multiple conflicts
• Britain eventually won the opium wars and reached a free trade agreement with China which included opium

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Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- declared that the US basically had the right to control Latin America over the Europeans
• The US started industrializing in places such as Cuba and Mexico because they wanted  trade partners
• Britain also pumped money into Argentina so they could gain exports from Argentina and import products
• Chile was a colony of Spain during this time and was dependent on agricultural imports to spain
• However, when copper was found, it eventually made up a third of all the imports from China

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