AP World History Unit 6: 1750-1900

Rationales for imperialism

• The industrial revolution led to a new wave of imperialism

Culture

• All the imperialism during this time was mostly being done by Europeans

• Europeans believed in the superiority of white people as well as their culture

• White man’s burden (Rudyard Kipling)- the call for white colonizers and go and impose European culture upon the black subjects of their colonies

• Social Darwinism (Charles Darwin)- the application of the theory of the survival of the fittest to daily life; strong nations have the right to take over weaker nations

• European nations were the wealthiest countries in the world during this time

• Religion- European missionaries spread the world trying to convert all people to Christianity, and these efforts often failed due to a lack of presence in some parts of a continent

• The missionaries built partly secular schools, hospitals, and published papers against slavery

Nationalism

• Nationalism- when a group of people have a strong common identity and become loyal to a single state

• Imperialism provided a way for nations to flex their strength to other countries through the conquering of land

        Britain

• After they lost the Americas, Britain established an empire so big that they said the sun never sets on it.

• The most efficient of these colonies was India which were the most valuable colony to the British

        France

• Established colonies in North Africa, Algeria, West Africa, and Indochina (Southeast Asia)

• This was so they wouldn’t be out conquered by the British who had a massive empire

        Japan

• Sino-Japanese War- a war that was caused by Japan trying to influence Korea’s economy and politics, and this angered the Qing dynasty in China (1894)

• Japan won due to the Meiji restoration (Japan’s industrialization process) and took over Korea as a colony

Economic Motives

• Industrial powers needed raw materials to continue growing economically

• They also needed new markets to sell these goods in

• EX: (the British, French, and Dutch established trade agreements with west Africa, the east indies, and India)

• This also gave European colonies the right to defend the trading posts (aka ARMIES CONQUERING THE LAND)

• This led to most of the European countries conquering the territory in foreign countries where there were trading posts

• This led to Britain being the wealthiest economy in the world, however eventually challenged by the US as other countries not in Europe or the Americas lost power

State Expansion

Imperialism- when a country extends its power and influence into other countries through diplomacy or force

Africa

• The Europeans had been in Africa since the 1800s because they had trading posts across the continent

        England

• They wanted a shorter sea-based route to the Asian trading routes

• Suez Canal (1869)- A canal that connected the mediterranean sea and the red sea

• In 1882, the British claimed the Suez Canal from the ottomans

• The British started to take over east Africa by force due to the Africans resisting the British imperialism

France

• France took Algeria from the ottomans in 1930 and then converted it to a settler colony

• Settler Colony- a colony where people from an imperial country relocate to that country to live there

• French, Spanish, and Italian people moved to Algeria as it was a settler colony

        Scramble for Africa

• Scramble for Africa- the scramble for land in Africa by European countries eventually led to war due to high levels of competition

• Berlin Conference- the meeting where the imperialist leader of Europe would decide how to split up Africa without thinking of the cultural conflicts it caused

• The Europeans started establishing colonies in Africa in 1875

                Belgium

• First colonizers of Africa

• King Leopold the II- King of Belgium during the scramble for Africa and claimed his territories as personal property and not Belgium's property and became very rich

• Used Forced labor to extract ivory and rubber from the land and killed nearly 8 million people

Asia        British in India

• British East India Company (joint-stock company) took territory from the weakened Mughal empire

• Did this by using Sepoys (special Indian soldiers) to conquer the land

        China

• China was facing trouble due to natural disasters and internal rebellions

• The European countries demanded trading rights with China and China was forced to accept

• The Qing Dynasty remained in power, but the Europeans had trading rights that increased their influence

        Japan

• Japan wanted to colonize other lands due to its military strength and lack of natural resources

• Japan eventually took over Korea, parts of Southeast Asia, and parts of China

• The Dutch also tried to take over Southeast Asia and took over after the Dutch East India companies’ failure

        Australia and New Zealand

• Both of these were conquered by the British

• Australia was used as a Penal Colony (a place to send prisoners)

• Australia eventually became a settler colony due to gold, wool production and copper

• New Zealand was a settler colony despite the Maori people already living there

• New Zealand Wars- War between the British and the Maori people which the Maori lost

        United States

• The US expanded to the pacific ocean because of the Manifest Destiny

• Indian Removal Act (1830)- systematic removal of Indians in the east to the midwest on reservations

• Spanish American War (1898)- The Americans declared war on Spain and won the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba

        Russia

• Catherine II won half of Poland from the ottoman empire

• Alexander I conquered Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Finland and part of Armenia

Indigenous Responses to State ExpansionAmerica (north and south)

• Proclamation of 1763-  reserved all the land in the Ohio River valley for the Native Americans

• The American colonists pushed into this land and eventually expanded after they claimed independence after the revolution

Cherokee Indians

• They became culturally like the Americans

• Adopted American culture and created a constitutional government

• Gold was found on the Cherokee land led to the American government passing the Indian Removal Act (1830) which sent the Cherokee to Oklahoma along the trail of tears

• Ghost dance- ritualistic dances and songs performed to enact the prophecy that the ancestral dead would come back on earth and free the indians from the Europeans

• Wounded knee Conflict (1890)- Sioux Indians were destroyed by the Americans and therefore ended the Indian Wars

        Mexico

• Benito Juarez- Mexican president who was a liberal and hated foreign influence in Mexico

• The conservative members of Mexico partnered with the french to overthrow Juarez

• French rule only lasted for three years after they were overthrown by the mexicans

Australia

• Australia was a penal colony and eventually, settlers also came and settled there

• Settlers began pushing into native lands after realizing the natives had no power in the British parliament

• The natives rose up to fight but the British killed the native uprisings with 1000s of deaths

Africa

• The Europeans set up colonial governments in Africa after colonizing them

        South Africa

• The Xhosa people fought with the British for nearly 40 years to try to get them to leave

• Their cattle started dying from European diseases, so they killed them so the spirits would drive the Europeans out

• Xhosa Cattle killing Movement- the Xhosa killed over 400k of their cattle in order to drive the British out but this just lead to famine and death

        West Africa

• Sokoto Caliphate- It was established in 1804 to purify the people from the Islamic Hausa tribes

• The caliphate had a thriving economy due to the slave trade

• The British took over the caliphate and it became a colony

• Wassolou Empire (1868)- established by Samory Toure and they fought France in the Samory Toure Wars

• France won, and established a colony there

        East Africa

• Mahdist Revolt- revolt led by Muhammad Ahmad (Sudan) and he defeated the British forces with his own army

• The movement ended after Ahmad died and eventually the british took over again

Balkans

• The Ottomans were beginning to lose their grip on the Balkans

• This led to Nationalism in the Balkans due to the resentment of the ottomans

• Many of the Balkan states gained their freedom from this

Global economic development

• Economics was the biggest driving force of imperial expansion

• Countries needed more raw materials and more food to feed the population due to industrialization

Agriculture

• Africa was a key target of European Imperial expansion and they imposed Cash Crop farming

• Cash Crop Farming- a crop that is grown for sale in a distance market (coffee, rubber, sugar)

• The middle class grew as a consequence of industrialization

• Argentina and Uruguay exported tons of beef to the Americas and Europe, using new refrigeration technology

• The demand for fertilizer also increased as did agriculture, Peru and Chile exported massive amounts of guano across the world

Raw Materials

• Industrial factories needed raw materials to produce goods for sale

Cotton

• 80% of British cotton for textiles was imported from the Americas

• After the civil war, England switched its cotton producers to Egypt and 90% of Egypt’s exports were cotton

• India also exported Cotton to England

Rubber

• Rubber was used for tires, soles of shoes, and hoses and gaskets for machines

• Colonial forces forced the natives in South America to produce the rubber from trees

        Palm Oil

• Came from west Africa and was great for lubricating machines

• Palm oil became a cash crop and slaves were used to produce it

        Diamonds

• South African Diamond rush- 1871

• South Africa was exporting 90% of the world’s diamonds due to DeBeers mining company

• Rhodes (founder of DeBeers company) was elected aas prime minister of the cape colony

• His policies laid the foundation of aparteid

Consequences of Global Economic DevelopmentThe increasingly connected global economy

• Industrial nations needed raw materials and food for their societies to prosper

• These raw materials were produced into products and then given back to colonies to be sold

• Refrigeration was a major invention that made it easier to transport food

Narrowing and Weakening of Colonial Economies

• Cash Crops often caused colonies to grow nothing besides that to export

• This led to certain colones being economically dependent on one resource and basically tied to that plant as a way of making money

• EX: (cotton which depletes soil nutrients)

Causes of Migration

• Economies  being globalized led to an increase in migration throughout the world

Migration through Labor Systems

• There was an increasing movement that called for the abolition of slavery, but this led to many countries not having workers to do the jobs slaves once did

• This led to the introduction of immigrants from other countries coming to work in the fields slaves did before

• Indentured Servants- a system that was attractive to poor laborers because it allowed them to work a number of years to pay for their travel to this land then they were set free and allowed to do whatever they wanted

• After they finished their servitude, servants could go back to their home country or stay and influence the culture

• EX: (indian influence in Mauritius and Fiji, due to Indian workers once working there)

• Contract Labor- people who would work for small wages and did the exact same jobs; their condition wasn’t that different from that of actual slaves

• EX: (countries in the Caribbean profiting from Chinese and Indian laborers working on sugar cane)

• Penal Colony- a colony where countries send their criminals to do hard labor, and after their sentence, usually returned back to their home country

• EX: (Australia’s convicts building railroads, and France’s devil Island)

Migration in the face of challenges

• Diaspora- a scattered geographic population whose origin is from a different country or region

Indians

• There was a lot of poverty in India and this led to mass migration

• The British offered these people opportunities to work in Fiji and Mauritius

• Most of these people became indentured servants who returned home after their time away

        China

• There was a lot of famine and poverty in China, which led to mass migration to America

• Many chinese people went to America because of the trans continental railroad and the oppurtunites it offered

        Ireland

• Irish people experienced discrimination from the british because of their religion and they fled

• Great Irish Potato Famine- a sickness among potato crops led to a large amount of the lower population of Irish being hungry and leaving to the United States

• These people mainly worked as miners and factory workers and also still faced discrimination

Establishment of Settler Colonies

• Settler Colony- a colony that's established so people go and live their

• Most of these people were technical experts like engineers

• Many people immigrated to settler colonies because colonial powers wanted industrialization and western technologies  to extend into these lands

• EX: (People in south Africa building railroads and roads)

• Japan tried to conquer Mexico but failed

• This still led the Japanese to settle in Mexico, Hawaii, and parts of the western US

• The Japanese established a diaspora in Hawaii and the western US

Effects of MigrationEffects of Migration on Home Society

• Men often migrated to other countries during this time because of the chance of earning more money

• This led to women having more responsibility in the family

• Women often had stronger roles in the family even after the men returned compared to before

• Another male family member could also take the role of the male in the family so that not much changed

Effects of Migration on receiving societies

• When people migrated they eventually spread their culture as well

• Enclave- when migrants of the same culture found each other in these new cultures and lived together

• The cultures often influenced society in terms of food, religion, or language

Chinese Enclaves

• Chinese people bought their culture with them wherever they moved across the world

• The Chinese in Southeast Asia ended up pretty good with some even holding government jobs in the dutch east indies

• In Indochina, the Chinese engaged in commerce with the French government

• In Malaya, the Chinese ran opium farms and earned a lot of money through this

• The Chinese eventually came to America because of the California Gold Rush but were used mostly in the building of the transcontinental railroad

• Chinese people also moved to Cuba and Peru to work in sugar plantations

• Chinese specifically left an impact on the food of different cultures

Indian Cultural Encalves

• Most Indians signed with the British system of indentured servitude and were moved all across the British empire

• In Mauritius and Natal, they worked on sugar plantations and built railroads

• Most of these people were Hindu and believed in the caste system. However, this culture didn't spread because the land outside India was not Hindu Dominated

• They did, however, build household shrines to the gods

• Kangani- sent Indian families to work in Malaya and Ceylon and Burma, and often moved as whole families compared to one person due to one person

• Indian immigrants also moved often to the caribbean and make up a lot of the population there

Irish Immigrant Enclaves

• Most of the irish came to other countries due to the Great Potato Famine

• They settled in urban areas, took low paying jobs, and lived in tenements

• The irish were also discriminate against because they were Roman Catholic

• Americans embraced Irish Music, dance, and Saint Patrick’s day

• The irish also influenced culture by joining and founding labor unions

• They also spread Catholicism

Italian Cultural Enclaves

• A lot of Italians went to Argentina and influenced the culture their

• The Argentine constitution encouraged immigrants and gave them the same rights as natives

• The Italian Language also influenced Argentina to the point where it became the second language of sorts

• Approximately 25% of Argentinians have Italian heritage

Responses to Immigrants

• Most immigrants were hated because they worked for lower wages than the native people

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- banned the immigration of Chinese people to the Americas

• The Chinese immigration act of 1855- set a limit of Chinese people allowed in Australia due to the high number of Chinese people

• White Australia Policy (1901)- even though the people in Australia were on the decline, the British passed this act to stop all people who weren't British from moving to Austalia

Economic Imperialism

Economic imperialism- a situation in which a country has more economic power over another country

Economic Imperialism in Asia

• Spheres of Influence- the splitting up of china so that different countries would get exclusive trading rights inside China

India

• British East India Company established itself in India in the 1600s for the Indian spices

• Britain started putting more and more influence on India, and eventually, England changed India’s produce to cotton because they needed cotton

China

• The British wanted massive amounts of porcelain, silk, and tea

• However, the Chinese did not want any of the British goods so this caused a trade deficit

• To combat this trade deficit, the British started bringing opium and selling it to the Chinese

• Opium Wars-  a series of conflicts in which the Chinese tried to get the British out of china in multiple conflicts

• Britain eventually won the opium wars and reached a free trade agreement with China which included opium

Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- declared that the US basically had the right to control Latin America over the Europeans

• The US started industrializing in places such as Cuba and Mexico because they wanted  trade partners

• Britain also pumped money into Argentina so they could gain exports from Argentina and import products

• Chile was a colony of Spain during this time and was dependent on agricultural imports to spain

• However, when copper was found, it eventually made up a third of all the imports from China