Bio 151 chapter 5.6 - chapter 14 vocab

cyclic AMP

broadcasts the signal to the cytoplasm

second messengers

small, nonprotein, water soluble molecules. They rapidly spread throughout the cell by diffusion.

dephosphorylation

remove phosphate groups from proteins

protein phosphates

enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins

phosphorylation cascade

hypothetical pathway containing 2 different protein kinases

protein kinase

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

ligan gated ion channel

membrane receptor with a region that can act as a gate for ions

G protein coupled receptor

cell surface transmembrane receptor that words with the G protein

G protein

A protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP

hormones

used for long distance signaling

ligand

a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule

reception

target cells detection or a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell

endocrine signaling

specialized cells release hormones, which travel via circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells that recognize and respond to them

synaptic signaling

occurs in animal nervous system, an electrical signal moving along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitters molecules carrying a chemical signal.

synapse

narrow space between the nerve cell and its target cell

growth factors

compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divid

paracrine signaling

molecules travel only short distances, influence cells in vicinity

transduction

converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

signal transduction pathway

a sequence of changes in a series of different molecules

binary fission

division in half

origin of replication

specific place on chromosome where DNA of the bacterial chromosomes begin to replicate

cell cycle control system

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

checkpoint

control point where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle

G 0 phase

non-dividing state

density dependent inhibition

crowded cells stop dividing

anchorage dependence

the need for cells to attach to a surface to grow, survive, divide

transformation

Cells takes up and incorporates DNA from its surroundings

Benign tumor

abnormal collection of cells, not spreading (local)

malignant tumor

spreads to other organs

matastasis

spread of cancer cells to locations distant from original site

cell plate

structure that forms in the center of a dividing cell during cytokenesis

cleavage furrow

a shallow grave in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

cleavage

rapid series of cell division

metaphase plate

midway between the spindles two poles

kinetochore

proteins that have assembled on specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere

centrosome

contains material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell microtubules

depolymerize

shorten

polymerize

elongate

mitotic spindle

consists of fibers made of microtubules and proteins

M phase

divides

G2 phase

grows more as it completes preparations for cell division

S phase

countnues to grow as it copies its chromosomes

G1 phase

cell grows

interphase

G1+S+G2, intense metabolic activity and growth

cytokenesis

division of the cytoplasm

mitosis

division of the genetic material in the nuclei

centromere

a region made up of reproductive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatids are attached most closely to its sister chromatid

sister chromatids

joined copies of the original chromosome

gametes

reproductive cells

somatic cells

all body cells except the reproductive cells

chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

chromosomes

DNA molecule associated with a protein

genome

a cells endowment of DNA

Cell division

reproduction of cells

recombinant chromosomes

produced from crossing over

meiosis I + meiosis II

2 consecutive cell divisions results in 4 daughter cells

meiosis

gamete formation involving cell division

zygote

fertilized egg

haploid cells

single set of chromosomes, gametes

diploid cells

2 chromosome sets, somatic cells

homologous chromosomes

same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. Both chromosomes carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

sexual reproduction

2 parents, unique combinations of genes, not identical

Asexual reproduction

single individual is the sole parent, no need for fussion of gametes, identical daughter cells

locus

a genes specific location along the length of a chromosome

somatic cells

all cells in body except gametes, 46

gametes

reproductive cells (Sperm+egg)

genetics

the scientific study of heredity and inherited variation

heredity

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

sex linked gene

a gene located on either sex chromosome

male

one x chromosome and one y

female

2 X chromosomes (one from each parent)

Wild type

the phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations

2 types of sex chromosomes

X and Y

linked genes

genes located near each other on the same chromosome are inherited together in genetic crosses

genetic recombination

the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in P generation parent

crossing over

recombination of linked genes

parental types

matches phenotypes of P generation originally crossed

Recombinant types

new combinations of shape and color

linkage map

a genetic map based on recombination frequencies

map units

expressed distances between genes in…

nondisjunction

one gamete get 2 copies, one gamete gets none. Members of a pair of homologous chromosomes dont move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.

aneuploidy

zygote will have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

monosomic

only one chromosome from a pair is present

trisomic

extra copy of chromosome

polyploidy

chromosomal alteration

deletion

chromosomal fragment is lost

duplication

a broken fragment may become reattached as an extra segment to a sister / non-sister chromatid

inversion

a chromosomal fragment reattach to original chromosome but in reverse orientation

translocation

fragment join a non-homologous chromosome

down syndrome

result of an extra chromosome

barr body

inactive x in each cell of a female condenses

hemophilia

the absense of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination, lack of dystrophin (key muscle protein)

deletions

losses off nucleotide pairs in a gene

insertion

addition of a nucleotide pair in a gene

silent mutation

an observable effect on the phenotype

nucleotide-pair substitution

the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

point mutation

changes in a single nucleotide pair

signal peptide

targets the protein to the ER