Chapter 21- Genes, Development, and Evolution

Differentiation

________ is the process in which cells acquire specialized properties.

Biologists

________ use the term pattern formation to describe the events that determine the spatial organization of cells in an embryo.

embryonic animal

Commitment occurs when a(n) ________ cell becomes dedicated to follow a particular path of cell specialization.

Segments

________ arise early in development and produce characteristic body structures such as wings, legs, and antennae.

master regulator

A(n) ________ is a gene product that can unleash a series of events that produce a specialized cell type, tissue, or body structure.

Induction

________ works through external signals.With ________, a cell that receives the signal is prompted to follow a different pathway of development and it would without the signal.

larva

A(n) ________ (plural: ________) is a juvenile form between the hatched embryo and the adult.

Homologous

________ means that they are similar because they are descended from genes in a common ancestor.

Clones

________ are a genetically identical copy.

Mutations

________ that alter gene expression in the mother but affect the phenotype of her offspring are called maternal effect ________.

Cytoplasmic determinants

________ are gene regulatory molecules that are present in the cytoplasm of a dividing cell.

Epigenetic inheritance

________ is any form of inheritance that is not based on nucleotide sequence differences in alleles.

Master regulators

________ are used in the development of both animals and plants.

A larva (plural

larvae) is a juvenile form between the hatched embryo and the adult

Differential gene expression

is when different cells use the same set of genes in different ways.

Genetic equivalence

The idea that all the different cells in an organism contain the same genes is known as

Self renewal

Producing one daughter that stays a stem cell ensures that populations of stem cells are maintained which is known as

Stem cells

But in later stages of development and in the adult, some populations of undifferentiated cells are maintained that preserve potential to divide throughout the individual’ s life which are