Chemistry - Chapter 3 Matter-Properties and Change

chemical property

the ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more new substances

extensive property

a physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present

gas

a form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container, fills the container's entire volume, and is easily compressed

intensive property

a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present

liquid

a form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container

physical property

a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition - for example, density, color, tast, hardness, and melting point

solid

a form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume, is incompressible, and expands only slightly when heated

states of matter

the physical forms in which all matter naturally exists on Earth - most commonly as a solid, a liquid, or a gas

vapor

the gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or a solid at room temperature

chemical change

a process involving one or more substances changing into new substances; also called a chemical reaction

law of conservation of mass

states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved

phase change

a transition of matter from one state to another

physical change

a type of change that alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change its composition

chromatography

a separation technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material

crystallization

a separation technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of one component to form a pure solid from a solution

distillation

a separation technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances involved

filtration

a separation technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the differences in the sizes of the substances involved

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct

homogeneous mixture

a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout; also called a solution

mixture

a physical blend of two or more pure substances in any proportion in which each substance retains its individual properties; can be separated by physical means

solution

a uniform mixture that can contain solids, liquids, or gases; also called a homogeneous mixture

sublimation

the phase change from a solid directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid

compound

a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass; can be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

law of definite proportions

states that a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass

law of multiple proportions

states that two elements can make many different compounds if they are combined in different ratios

percent by mass

a percentage determined by the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound

periodic table

a chart that organizes all known elements into a grid of horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups or families) arranged by increasing atomic number