prohibits against unreasonable search and seizures. protections against arbitrary arrest and prosecution against prosecutiion (extends to aliens and citizens)
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5th amendment
**protects criminal defendants from having to testify if they may incriminate themselves through the testimony**
rights when accused:
* no person held to answer for a capital * no person be subject for same offense to be wise put in jeopardy of life or limb * not compelled to be a witness against himself not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without “due process of law”
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6th amendment
rights when on trial:
* right to defence→ * right to speedy and public trial by impartial jury * confronted with witnesses in his favor
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7th amendment
right to trial by jury; common-law suits
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8th Amendment
excessive bail not required, no excessive fines be imposed, and no cruel or unusual punishments
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9th amendment
unenumerated rights protected. **all the rights not listed in the constitution belong to the people, not the government**
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10th amendment
powers not delegated to the US by the constitution belong to the states or people
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11th amendment
limits on suits against states. **prohibits federal courts from hearing certain lawsuits against states**
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12th amendment
revision of electoral-college procedure. **each elector must cast distinct votes for president and vice president instead of two votes for president**
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13th amendment
prohibits slavery
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14th amendment
Citizenship rights, Equal protection, Apportionment, Civil War Debt
* ex slaves made citizens; due process clause applied to states; “equal protection” clause * reduction in congressional representation for states denying adult males the right to vote * southern rebels denied federal office * rebel debts repudiated
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15th amendment
gave black meant the right to vote
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16th amendment
authorizes federal income tax
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17th amendment
requires popular election of senators. **allowing voters to cast direct votes for senators**
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18th amendment
prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors” but not the consumption, private possession, or production for one’s own consumption
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19th amendment
women suffrage
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20th amendment
presidential terms and succession→ if the president dies, Vice president becomes president
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21st amendment
grants the states virtually complete control over whether to permit importation or sale of liquor and how to structure the liquor distribution system
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22nd amendment
two term limit for president
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23rd amendment
right to vote for president in the District of Columbia
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24th amendment
prohibiting any poll tax in elections for officials
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25th amendment
in case of the removal of president from office, the vice president becomes president
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26th amendment
lowered voting age to 18
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27th amendment
congressional pay raises. **Prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session.**