Cpt 5/6- Medical term. and the human body (EMT)

Fowler position (high and semi)

• High fowler: 90 degrees

• Semi fowler: 45 degrees

Right and left lateral recumbent

Laying on left of right side with head resting on bicep

ia

condition of

dys

difficult, painful, abnormal

ur

urine

dysuria

painful urination

Hyper

excessive

emesis

vomiting

hyperemesis

excessive vomiting

An

without

ic

pertaining to

alges

pain

analgesic

pertaining to no pain

plural form of us

i

plural form of a

ae

plural form of is

es

plural form of ex or ix

ices

ventral vs dorsal

ventral= belly side

dorsal= back side

superficial and deep

superficial= closer to surface of the skin

deep= deeper in the skin

ligaments

connects bone to bone

tendons

connects muscle to bones ac

cartilage

smooth connective tissue covering ends of bones at mobile joints

axial skeleton components

• skull

• spinal column

• thorax

skull bones

cranium (4):

• parietal

• frontal

• temporal

• occipital

face (14 total):

• temporal

• zygomatic

• nasal

• maxillae

• mandible

• maxilla

• foramen magnum

vertebrae components

• cervical (7)

• thoracic (12)

• lumbar (5)

• sacrum (5 fused)

• coccyx (4 fuses)

thorax # of ribs and what in cavity

12 ribs

• heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels

components of the sternum

• Manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

appendicular skeleton

joints to know

All in the shoulder

• acromioclavicular joint (ac): between clavicle and scapula (more lateral)

• glenohumeral joint (shoulder): ball and socket

• sternoclavicular joint: between clavicle and sternum (more medial)

fingertip names

• thumb

• index

• long

• ring

• small

phalanges—> metacarpals—> carpals

• carpomedtacarpal joint

pelvis bones

• ilium

• ischium

• pubis

• sacrum (vertebrae but also pelvis, weight bearing)

*Chance of bleeding out from a pelvic fracture due to large blood vessels

tibia and fibula

• tibia: larger, shin bone

• fibula: smaller, supporting bone

Lower extremity bones/ landmarks:

• ilium (crest)

• pubis (fused by pubic symphysis)

• ischium (bottom of pelvis, butt bone)

• acetabulum (ball and socket hole)

• femur head

• femur neck

• greater trochanter

• lesser trochanter

• femur

• medial condyle

• head of fibula

• tibia

• fibula

Foot:

• 7 tarsals

• 5 metatarsals

• 14 phalanges

foot bones/ other:

• Achilles tendon

• medial malleolus (tibia)

• talus (middle bone)

• calcaneus (heel)

• navicular (distal to talus)

• medial cuneiform (distal to navicular)

• phalanges

• metatarsals

Functions of the skeletal system:

• shape

• protects organs

• movement

• stores calcium

• helps create RBC

3 types of muscle:

• smooth (involuntary) —> attaches to bones for movement

• skeletal (voluntary)—> blood vessels/ intestines

• cardiac (striated, involuntary) —> heart only

Respiratory system components:

Upper airway:

• Nasopharynx

• nasal air passage

• pharynx

• oropharynx

• epiglottis

Lower airway:

• Trachea

• alveoli (external resp.)

• bronchioles

• main bronchi

• bronchioles

The rest:

• larynx

• apex of lung

• carina

• base of lung

• diaphragm

Thyroid cartilage:

• everyone has it, but more developed in males

• Adams apple

• anterior part of larynx

cricoid cartilage:

• lies below the thyroid cartilage

• Only full ring of cartilage on trachea

* Cricothyroid membrane: between thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Lung lobes:

• 3 right (larger)

• 2 left (smaller, due to heart)

covering of lung name

pleura

• Visceral (covering lungs)

• parietal (lining chest wall)

• pleural space: between ^^ pleural fluid= gliding

covering of heart names:

• parietal pericardium (lines inside of pericardium)

• visceral pericardium (covers heart)

muscles of breathing:

• neck (cervical muscles)

• abdominal muscles

• pectoral muscles

respiration:

• exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli tissue

• provides O2 to cells and removes waste CO2

• medula initiates ventilation when high CO2 levels

what happens with a high CO2:

• causes pH to decrease (acidic) in CSF

what causes CSF fluid to drop

pH levels

what does the brain stem sense:

increase in acidity and raises respiratory rate

What is the primary reason to breathe?

to lower levels of CO2

What is hypoxic drive?

• Backup system to control respirations

• Breathing faster (COPD patients)

What is the problem with giving COPD patients too much artificial O2

• eventually stop breathing bc lungs feel like they don’t need to work anymore

• Adjust flow rates accordingly / BVM

ventilation:

• simple movement of air into and out of the lungs

Tidal volume:

• amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath

• RR x tidal volume= minute volume

• normal rate and depth

Residual volume:

• gas remains in lungs to keep lungs open

Dead space:

• resp. system with no alveoli

• little or no gas exchange between air and blood to know

Minute volume:

• amount of air moves in and out of lungs in 1 min minus the dead space

Tripod position:

leaning forward on arms stretches forward to breathe

Agonal gasps:

gasping breaths

• assist breathing

Pathophysiology:

study of functional changes that occur when the body reacts to disease

Hypoxia

decreased level of O2 in body

Hypercarbia

elevated level of CO2 in body

Shock types:

NOCHAPS

• Nueogenic

• Obstructive

• Cardiogenic

• Hypovolemic

• Anaphylactic

• Psychogenic

• Septic

Cardiovascular pathway

Arteries—> arterioles —> capillaries —> venues —> veins

Systemic circulation:

carries O2 rich blood from left ventricle through body and back to right atrium

Pulmonary circulation:

carries O2 poor blood from right ventricle through the lungs and back to left atrium

Circulation:

• heart receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava

• right side receives deoxygenated blood from veins

• left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs

• oxygenated blood returns from lungs through pulmonary veins into left side of heart, pumped into aorta, to arteries of body

Normal HR

60-100

Stroke volume (SV):

amount of blood moved by one beat

Cardiac output (CO):

• Amount of blood moved in 1 min

• HR x SV = CO

Electrical conduction system:

SA node—> internodal pathway—> AV node—> Bundle of HIS —> L/R bundle branches —> purkinjie fibers

What does the spleen do

• filters worn out blood cells, foreign substances, bacteria

• vascular and susceptible to trauma

Systole

when left ventricle contracts and pumps blood

diastole

when ventricle relaxes and blood refills

When vessels vasoconstrict what does HR do

increase to pump more blood

What does the cerebrum do

controls hearing, balance, speech

what does the cerebellum do

body movement

what does the brain stem do

basic body functions for life, cardiac and respiratory functions, consciousness

Somatic nervous system (voluntary):

• Signals from brain to voluntary muscles

• walking, talking, writing

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary):

digestion, dilation, constriction of blood vessels

• SNS (fight or flight)

• PNS (slows body, relax)

right upper quadrant organs:

• liver

• gallbladder

• portion of colon

left upper quadrants organs:

• stomach

• spleen

• portion of colon

right lower quadrant organs:

• portion of large intestine (cecum and ascending colon)

Left lower quadrants:

• descending and sigmoid colon

Pancreas produces:

• endocrine portion produces insulin and glucagon

Retroperitoneal organs:

SAD PUCKER

S – Suprarenal glands (aka adrenal glands)
A – Aorta & inferior vena cava
D – Duodenum (2nd–4th parts)
P – Pancreas (except the tail)
U – Ureters
C – Colon (ascending & descending)
K – Kidneys
E – Esophagus (lower portion)
R – Rectum (partially)