Digestive Tract and Kidney Function Flashcards

Flashcards covering the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and kidney function.

Peritoneum

A thin, shiny serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and folds back to cover most of the organs within the cavity.

Parietal Peritoneum

The layer in contact with the body wall.

Visceral Peritoneum

The layer that covers the organs, allowing them to slide over each other as they function.

Stratified Squamous Cells

The type of cells that make up the mucosal epithelium from the mouth through the esophagus and in the anus.

Mastication

The process where teeth break food into smaller portions.

Saliva

The secretion produced by the salivary glands.

Deglutition

The process of food moving towards the throat to be swallowed.

Peristalsis

A wave of circular muscle contraction that propels food through parts of the digestive tract.

Ingestion

The process where the mouth/oral cavity receives food.

Tongue

A muscular organ that projects into the mouth, aids in chewing and swallowing, and is one of the principal organs of speech.

Pharynx

Commonly referred to as the throat.

Esophagus

The part of the digestive tract where food is lubricated with mucus and peristalsis moves it into the stomach.

Stomach

Receives food from the esophagus.

Pyloric Sphincter

Controls how rapidly food moves into the small intestine.

Digestion

The process that hydrochloric acid prepares proteins for.

Chyme

The mixture of ingested food, gastric juice, and mucus in the stomach.

Duodenum

The first segment of the small intestine, roughly 10 inches long.

Jejunum

The second segment of the small intestine (2/5 of length).

Ileum

The final segment of the small intestine, which terminates into the cecum of the large colon.

Ileocecal Valve

Permits food passage from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum.

Defecation

The process of eliminating feces from the body.

Liver

The largest accessory organ of the digestive system.

Gallbladder

Where bile is stored and released, after being manufactured in the liver.

Blood Glucose

A process that the liver plays an important role in controlling.

Urea

A waste product of protein metabolism synthesized by the liver, then released into the blood and transported to the kidneys for elimination.

Detoxification

The process in the liver that removes harmful substances such as alcohol and certain drugs.

Pancreas

An accessory organ of the digestive system that produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Sodium Bicarbonate

An alkaline fluid released by the pancreas that neutralizes the acidic chyme in the small intestines.

Carbohydrate Digestion

Occurs in the mouth and small intestine.

Protein Digestion

Occurs in the stomach and small intestines.

Fat Digestion

Occurs in the small intestines.

Glomular filtration

Within the nephron, movement of materials out of the blood.

Low blood pressure

Result of decreased levels of aldosterone.

Ureter

This structure connects the kidney to the bladder.

Renal artery

This vessel brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

Renal Vein

This vessel takes oxygen depleted blood away from the kidney.

Urethra

This structure allows urine to be passed from the bladder to outside of the body.

Nephron

This structure is the functional unit of the kidney.

Blood pressure

Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system results in increased.

Vomiting

This can cause an alkaline shift in pH.

pH homeostasis

Buffer systems, respiration and kidney function helps the body maintain.

Proximal convoluted tubules

The majority of fluid reabsorb is.

Distal convoluted tubules

Aldosterone affects water reabsorption at the.

Collecting duct

ADH affects fluid reabsorption at the