Personal Health Ch 16

primary treatment method used in traditional Chinese medicine

herbal remedies

Western researchers might explain the effects of acupuncture as being the result of

stimulation of the body's release of natural painkillers and hormones.

St. John's wort; people taking medication for heart disease

poses a known potential risk of herbal supplement use

Herbal remedies are an example of

biologically based alternative medicine

medical tests

can provide information to help solve medical problems

podiatrist

a specialist in care for the feet

You should see a physician if your symptoms are

severe, unusual, persistent, recurrent

self-treatment

non-drug options, self-medication, generic drug

generic drug

a medication that can be made by many different companies; costs less than brand-name medicines but may be just as effective

self-medication

the use of drugs to treat symptoms that have not been diagnosed by a medical professional

conventional medicine

A system of medicine emphasizing biological and physical scientific principles; diseases are thought to be caused by identifiable physical factors and characterized by a representative set of signs and symptoms; also called biomedicine or standard Western medicine.

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Health care practices and products that are not considered part of conventional, mainstream medical practice as taught in most U.S. medical schools and that are not available at most U.S. health care facilities; examples of CAM practices include acupuncture and herbal remedies.

complementary medicine

Unconventional medical practices that are used together with conventional ones.

alternative medicine

Unconventional medical practices that are used instead of conventional methods.

integrative medicine

simultaneous use of both traditional and alternative medicine

pharmaceuticals

Medical drugs, both prescription and over-the-counter.

scientific explanations should be

Empirical

Rational

Testable/Falsifiable

Parsimonious

Tentative

Rigorously Evaluated

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

A scientific study in which subjects are randomly assigned to receive one of several clinical interventions. The intervention may be a control (e.g., a placebo, or "sugar pill"); another treatment that is being compared; or an existing, standard-of-care treatment.

meta-analysis

A statistical recombination of data from two or more methodologically similar studies (usually RCTs) to form an overall conclusion; it has the benefit of including the outcomes of increased numbers of subjects who have varying responses.

placebo

something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect

sham procedure

used when testing a procedure; designed to look and feel like a real clinical procedure use as a control for active procedure that is being tested for efficacy

treatment effect

the impact of the independent variable/intervention on the dependent variable

procedure of treatment

methods of treatment; what the clinician does to teach target behaviors in clients

morphine

narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

medical doctor

A physician who holds the doctor of medicine (MD) degree from an accredited medical school; an allopathic physician.

doctor of osteopathic medicine

A physician who holds the doctor of osteopathy (DO) degree from an accredited osteopathic medical school; osteopathy incorporates a whole-person approach and includes manipulating muscles and joints.

dentist

A practitioner who holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and whose practice includes the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries of the teeth, mouth, and jaws.

psychologist

Health care provider who holds a PsyD or PhD degree; they treat mental health problems and usually do not prescribe medicine.

optometrist

A practitioner who holds a doctor of optometry (OD) degree and is trained to examine the eyes, detect eye diseases, and prescribe corrective lenses.

ophthalmologist

A practitioner who holds an MD or DO degree, has served a residency or fellowship specializing in diseases of the eye, and cares for all types of eye problems using drugs and surgery.

nurse

A licensed health provider who is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems and acts to promote, maintain, or restore health. Registered nurses (RNs) complete a bachelor of nursing degree. Licensed practical and vocational nurses complete a one- or two-year training program (LPN, LVN).

physician assistant

A health provider who is nationally certified and licensed by his or her state to practice medicine as part of a team with physicians.

primary care physician

a regular doctor who provides checkups, screenings, treatments, and prescriptions

endoscopy

A medical procedure in which a viewing instrument is inserted into a body cavity or opening.

false positive

A test result that incorrectly detects a disorder or condition in a person who does not have the disorder or condition.

false negative

A test result that fails to correctly detect a disease or condition.

off-label drug use

When a drug is used in a different way than described in the FDA-approved drug label.

elective surgery

A nonemergency operation that the patient can choose to schedule.

outpatient

A person receiving medical attention without being admitted to the hospital.

holistic health care

Practice that takes into account the whole person—body, mind, and spirit—when assessing, treating, and preventing illnesses and maintaining health.

traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

The traditional medical system of China, which views illness as the result of a problem in the quality, quantity, balance, or flow of qi, the life force; therapies include acupuncture, herbal medicine, and massage.

herbal remedy

A medicine prepared from plants.

acupuncture

Insertion of thin needles through the skin at points along meridians—pathways through which qi is believed to flow.

homeopathy

An alternative system of practice that uses a holistic approach to diagnosis and treatment; involves administering minute doses of remedies that would, in larger quantities, produce symptoms similar to those of the illness.

naturopathy

An alternative medical system based on supporting the body's ability to heal itself and maintain optimal health by removing barriers and creating an internal and external environment that promotes health and healing.

hypnotherapy

A mind-body technique that uses relaxation and imagery to help a patient imagine specific health outcomes and establish a belief that they can be achieved; commonly used for managing pain, phobias, and addictions.

natural products

CAM therapies that include biologically based interventions and products; examples include herbal remedies, extracts from animal tissues, and dietary supplements.

chiropractic

A CAM manipulative, body-based practice that focuses on disorders of the spine, and musculoskeletal and nervous systems, and the effects of these disorders on general health; the primary treatment is manipulation of the spine and other joints.

energy therapies

Forms of CAM treatment that use varying sources of energy originating either within the body or from outside sources to promote health and healing.

Reiki

A CAM practice intended to correct disturbances in the flow of life energy and enhance the body's healing powers through the use of various hand positions on the patient.

therapeutic touch

A CAM practice based on the premise that healers can identify and correct energy imbalances by passing their hands over the patient's body.

magnetic therapies

A form of alternative medicine that uses magnets to treat pain and other health problems.

tai chi

An ancient Chinese philosophy adapted as a CAM energy modality and practiced as exercise involving slow, continuous, meditative movements accompanied by deep breathing, and used for maintaining and restoring health.

qigong

A CAM energy modality from ancient China that is related to tai chi. _____ exercises integrate physical postures, breathing techniques, and focused intention for health maintenance, healing, and increased vitality.

fibromyalgia

chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue

Affordable Care Act

A U.S. law requiring most health insurance plans to include certain rights and protections (e.g., mental health and preventive services, no penalties for preexisting conditions, and the right to appeal health service charges). The law attempts to make health care more affordable for individuals and families.

premium

an amount to be paid for an insurance policy.

deductible

The amount you pay for services before your insurance coverage begins

copayment

The amount you pay for a particular health care service; your insurance provider pays the balance.

indemnity plan

A health insurance plan based on a fee for each service provided; the cost is shared between you and the insurance company, and you can go to any physician or hospital you choose.

coinsurance

the sharing of expenses by the policyholder and the insurance company

managed care plan

A health insurance plan that contracts with providers and health care facilities (the plan's "network") to provide care at reduced costs. There are three types of managed care plans: health management organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and point of service (POS).

health maintenance organization (HMO)

A type of prepaid health insurance plan that covers services within a network of physicians and other professionals who are contracted with the HMO.

preferred provider organization (PPO)

A prepaid health insurance plan that contracts with physicians, other professionals, and hospitals to provide services for discounted fees. You can go to any provider including specialists without a PCP referral. Using nonparticipating providers results in higher costs to the patient.

point-of-service (POS) plan

A type of plan where you pay less if you use physicians, other professionals, and hospitals that belong to the plan's network, but you are required to get a referral from a PCP before going to a specialist. A POS plan combines some of the essentials of both HMO and PPO plans.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

body's attempts to heal itself

creating a fever

pain and swelling after an injury

coughing

According to research, what percent of all patients given a placebo show some improvement?

30-40%

Disorders caused or aggravated by _____ may be most effectively treated through nondrug options.

stress

Medical doctors are commonly called allopathic physicians because their treatment focuses on treatment with:

opposites

According to a Pew Research Center survey, which percentage of adults have tried complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies instead of conventional medicine?

20%

The discovery and development of sulfa drugs, antibiotics, and steroids in the ______ were one of the trends toward the close identification of Western medicine with pharmaceuticals.

20th century

Characteristics of a good physician-patient partnership include:

an attentive and caring physician

a nonaggressive patient

an assertive patient

The science that incorporates the theories and practices of scientific medicine but focuses on musculoskeletal problems and manipulative therapy is called:

osteopathy

steps included in the diagnostic process

reviewing vital signs

performing a physical exam

taking down a medical history

If your doctor orders a test for you, you should:

ask why you need it

ask how to prepare for the test

discuss the risks and benefits of the test

Off-label drugs can legally be prescribed for

purposes not listed on the label

A nonemergency operation purposely scheduled by a patient is called a(n)

elective surgery

steps that are included in the diagnostic process

taking down a medical history

performing a physical exam

reviewing vital signs

Under holistic approaches, health is not achieved due to

the mental state is ignored

the body has a disease

the individual is spiritually isolated

Problems that can lead to medication error include:

misinterpretation of a drug name

a physician's poor handwriting

similarities between drug names

Most traditional Chinese medical systems believe disease to be a:

disturbance of the life force within the body, the mind, and the spirit

How does a physical exam typically begin?

with a review of vital signs

The alternative medical systems best known in the United States are:

traditional Chinese medicine and homeopathy

How many herbal formulas were included in the early 2000s TCM herbal database?

11,810

Biological-based therapies include substances from:

animals

plants

Energy therapies are based on the idea that energy surrounding the body can be influenced by:

pressure

movement

touch

primary treatment method in traditional Chinese medicine

herbal remedies

Why has CAM become so popular in the United States?

About 45% of clinicians use CAM within their practice.

More than 40% of women of reproductive age in the United States use CAM therapies.

examples of mind-body medicine

music therapy

psychotherapy

prayer

According to research, which proportion of the U.S. public has used biologically-based therapies at least once in their lifetime?

More than 95%

What subjects should patients discuss with their physicians when considering the use of complementary or alternative therapies?

timing

effectiveness

safety

Chiropractic medicine is used to treat:

problems related to muscles, joints, the spine, and the nervous system

electrocardiography

is an energy therapy that uses energy interactions between living organisms

Health insurance plans are either managed care or:

fee-for-service

According to the theory of medicine used in Western societies, the use of the foxglove plant for healing purposes became conventional medication when:

its health benefits were scientifically documented

Safari uses meditation and visualization to reduce stress and improve overall well-being. What type of medical system is Safari using?

mind-body interventions

The Affordable Care Act aimed to

encourage as many Americans as possible to get health coverage

regulate the way insurance companies provide medical coverage

control health costs

Features of health maintenance organizations include:

referrals to specialists by primary care physicians

choice of an in-network primary care physician

a set monthly fee for a range of services