Balanced equations, atom economies + percentage yield

What is Percentage yield?

(Actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100

• it is never 100% yield

• in the theoretical yield you assume no product is Iost + all reactants react fully

Why can we never get the maximum theoretical yield?

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What is atom economy

(Mass of desired product/ total mass of reactants) x 100

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High atom economies are good in industry

What is the difference between PY and AE?

Atom economy how many atoms must be wasted in theory

Percentage Yield tells us the practical efficiency of the process and how much is lost by:-

• the practical process of getting the product

• as a result of reactions being incomplete

• • reaction can be reversible (can be improved by changing the conditions)

why is the yield of multi step reactions low?

80% x 80% x 80% x 80% = 41%