Final

What is the body’s normal response when carbohydrates are ingested?

Blood glucose levels increase and insulin release is stimulated

how long does it take for blood glucose levels to return to homeostatic levels with a normal insulin response?

3.5 hours

Eating —> ____ increases —> ____ —> ____increases —> ____ increases —> ____ decreases

blood glucose

pancreatic islets

insulin

cellular uptake of glucose

blood glucose

Fasting —> _____ decreases —> pancreatic islets —> ___ decreases and ____increases —> _____ decreases and_____ increases —> ____increases

blood glucose

insulin

glucagon

cellular uptake of glucose

glucose secretion into blood by liver

blood glucose

Label the four primary tissue types

A: Epidermis (epithelial tissue)

B: Dermis (connective tissue)

C: Motor nerve (nervous tissue)

D : Arrector pili muscle (muscle tissue)

What type of primary tissue is each of the following?

1. Neuroglia

2. tendons

3. cardiac

4. simple squamous

1. Nervous tissue

2. Connective tissue

3. Muscular tissue

4. Epithelial tissue

What is teh function of smooth muscle?

peristalsis of the esophagus

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

distention of the urinary bladder

What is the function of cartilage?

protection of joint surfaces in movable joints

What is the function of neurons?

communication

What is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

protection and waterproofing

Label the components of the negative feedback loop

A: Sensor

B: Integrating Center

C: Effector

D: Sensor activated

E: effector activated

The basic ____ unit of all living organisms is the cell

structural and functional

A child was born with Alport's syndrome, a genetic condition affecting the genes for the production of a type of collagen. Where are these mutated genes located in a cell?

Nucleus

The major types of tissues are:

muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.

Alport's syndrome affects collagen found in basement membranes. The effects of Alport's would therefore likely be associated with which tissue type?

Epithelial tissue

What compartment?

fluid contacting multiple blood cell membranes

Extracellular

Compartment for connective tissue matrix

extracellular

Compartment for cerebrospinal fluid

extracellular

compartment for fluid contacting mitochondrial membranes

intracellular

compartment for fluid surrounding the cytoskeleton

intracellular

compartment for cytosol

intracellular

compartment for ATP produced by the cell

intracellular

What tissue forms the lining of bodily surfaces?

epithelial

What tissue provides resistance to mechanical and frictional trauma?

epithelial

what tissue moves nutrients through the digestive tract?

muscle

what tissue creates pressure gradients for blood transportation?

muscle

what tissue is the transitional tissue between surfaces and muscles?

connective

what tissue provides rigidity to protect deeper, sensitive tissue?

connective

what tissue provides rubbery surfaces on the ends of bones?

connective

what tissue provides rapid communication via electrochemical signals?

nervous

The arrival of the action potential at the presynaptic terminal causes ________.

calcium to enter the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated calcium channels

 The increase in calcium ion concentration causes ________

release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

 Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and ________.

binds to ACh receptors that open ligand-gated sodium channels

What is the purpose of acetylcholinesterase on the postsynaptic membrane ________.

it is an enzyme that breaks acetylcholine down into acetic acid and choline

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is ___________.

acetylcholine

T/F: The area between the presynaptic nerve cell and the postsynaptic muscle cell is termed the synaptic cleft.

True

T/F: . Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.

False

An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes

calcium ions to diffuse into the cell

At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine __________.

diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic muscle fiber

What is the effect of the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

It causes ligand gated sodium channels in the muscle fiber to increase their permeability to sodium, which depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

T/F: Once threshold is reached on the postsynaptic membrane, an action potential is generated and propagated over the postsynaptic cell membrane.

True

Label the locations on the neuron

A: nucleus

B: axon hillock

C: Dendrite

D: node of ranvier

E: schwann cell nucleus

F: axon

G: myelin

Label the events in the correct order

1. ACh binds to receptor

2. G-protein subunit dissociates

3. G-protein binds to K+ causing it to open

Label the different types of neuroglia

A: oligodendrocyte

B: neuron

C: astrocyte

D: ependymal cell

E: axon

F: microglia

Label the three different types of neurons and their features

A: dendritic branches

B: pseudounipolar neuron

C: axon

D: dendrite

E: bipolar neuron

F: multipolar neuron

The muscarinic ACh receptors are formed from only a single subunit and do not contain _____ like the _____ ACh receptors. Rather, binding of ACh to the muscarinic receptor activates a complex of proteins in the cell membrane known as _____, because their activity is influenced by GDP and GTP, guanosine nucleotides.
There are three G-protein subunits: alpha, beta and gamma. Binding of ACh causes the ____ subunit to dissociate from the other two, which form the_________ complex. Either the alpha subunit or the____ complex then diffuses through the membrane until it binds to an ion channel and causes it to open or close.

ion channels

nicotinic

G-proteins

alpha

beta, gamma

beta, gamma

The binding of ACh to the muscarinic receptor indirectly affects the permeability of _ channels. This can produce —- in some organs if channels are opened, and __ in others if channels are closed.

K+

hyperpolarization

depolarization

For example, in the heart it is the beta-gamma complex that binds to the K⁺ channels of heart muscle and causes them to open. This leads to K⁺ diffusion ___ of the cell and the cell becomes ____ resulting in a decrease in heart rate.

out

hyperpolarized

In contrast, in smooth muscle of the stomach the alpha subunit binds to K⁺ channels causing them to close. This reduces the outward diffusion of K⁺ and the cell becomes _______resulting in smooth muscle contraction.

depolarized

Label the approrpiate locations

A: Frontal Lobe

B: Superior Frontal Sulcus

C: Superior Frontal Gyrus

D: Precentral gyrus

E: Central sulcus

F: Parietal lobe

G: postcentral gyrus

H: occipital lobe

I: Cerebellar hemisphere

J: Temporal lobe

K: Lateral sulcus

Which lobe is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle contrl

frontal

Which lobe is responsible for auditory interpretation and storage

temporal

Which lobe is responsible for memory, smell, taste, sensory integration from viscera

insula

Which lobe is responsible for somateshtetic interpretation, understanding speech

parietal lobe

Which lobe is responsible for visual perception, eye coordination

occipital lobe

Keeping an email address in mind until you type it in an email is an example of

working memory

Remembering a vacation trip to the Grand Canyon is an example of

episodic memory

Knowing the bones of the body is an example of

semantic memory

Knowing how to double crochet an afghan is an example of

procedural memory

What regulates hunger and thirst

hypothalamus

what regulates the autonomic nervous system

hypothalamus

what is the relay center for sensory input

thalamus

what regulates circadian rhythms

hypothalamus

what regulates body temperature

hypothalamus

what function is arousal from sleep

thalamus

What structure coordinates complex motor skills

cerebellum

what plays a role in drug addiction

midbrain

what contains caridac, respiratory, and vasomotor control centers

medulla oblongata

what is the area where nerve tracts cross to the contralateral side

medulla oblongata

what contains the apneustic center which aids in respiration center

pons

What are the correct terms?

A: Motor cortex

B: Broca’s Area

C: Hearing

D: VIsion

E: Wernicke’s Area

What causes the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles?

Influx of calcium ions

What causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open on the postsynaptic membrane?

Acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the channel

What would occur if the ACh receptors are damaged or destroyed?

All of the choices are correct

Label the appropriate location

A: spinal nerve

B: rami communicantes

C: spinal cord

D: sympathetic ganglion

E: vertebral body

Label

A: Synaptic vesicle with NE

B: Adrenergic receptors

C: Cholinergic receptors

D: synaptic vesicle with ACh

Which effect (PS or S) is contraction of urinary bladder?

parasympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is constriction of pupil

parasympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is increased motility in gastrointestinal tract?

parasympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is increased HR

sympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is dilation of bronchioles

sympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is ejaculation of the penis?

sympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is stimulation of fat hydrolysis?

sympathetic

Which effect (PS or S) is increase in strength of heart muscle contraction?

sympathetic

The effects of ACh on an organ depend on the nature of the ____

receptor.

cholinergic

There are ___types of cholinergic receptors

two

Somatic motor neurons stimulate ____ receptors.

nicotinic

Visceral organs contain muscarinic receptors which produce a _____ effect.

parasympathetic

Nicotinic receptors are always ____.

excitatory

All ____ motor neurons are cholinergic.

somatic

What was necessary in order to have acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft?

An action potential in the presynpatic membrane

What would occur if the ACh receptors are increased in number across the postsynaptic membrane?

Enhanced sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane

What hypothetical drug would decrease the likelihood of reaching threshold if all other factors were to be held constant?

Drug A: An ACh inhibitor

Label

A: Lateral Canal

B: utricle

C: saccule

D: cochlea

E: auditory nerve

F: Vestibular nerve

G: ampulla

Label

A: Sclera

B: Choroid

C: Retina

D: Fovea Centralis

E: Vitreous Chamber

F: Iris

G: Lens

H: Pupil

I: Cornea

T/F: The greater the receptor density, the greater the sensory acuity

True

T/F: High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

False

T/F: The farther an object is from the eye, the rounder the lens will be.

False

T/F: Light causes Na⁺ channels in rods to close, causing hyperpolarization, and the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter to bipolar cells

False