Mammology Exam 3

__________ characteristics:

• secretes milk onto brood patch

• altricial young

• lays eggs (kept in pouch (echidna) or in burrow (platypus)

__________ characteristics:

• secretes milk onto brood patch

• altricial young

• lays eggs (kept in pouch (echidna) or in burrow (platypus)

Monotreme

__________ characteristics:

• altricial young

• young are kept in “marsupium” (pouch)

Marsupial

__________ characteristics:

• produce young on gradient from altricial to precocial

• long gestation period relative to lactation period

Placental

Which is more energetically expensive: lactation or gestation?

Lactation

A

Early Synapsid

B

Monotreme

C

Marsupials and Placentals

__________ characteristics:

• males have venomous spur

• semi aquatic, semi fossorial

• insectivores

• electroreception in bill

Ornithorhynchidae

Platypus belong to family __________

Ornithorhynchidae

__________ characteristics:

• insectivorous (myrmecophagus)

• quills

• electroreception in bill

Tachyglossidae

Echidnas belong to family _________

Tachyglossidae

Platypus and Echidna are __________

Monotremes

Marsupials make up __% of mammals

6

The only marsupial in N. America: ____________

Virginia Opossum

__________ characteristics:

• found in N. America

• opposable pollex (thumb)

• incrassated tail

• marsupial

Didelphidae

These are all ________

Marsupials

____________ ___________ is when two unrelated species evolve similar characteristics to occupy a similar niche

Convergent Evolution

The “superorder” ___________ means “Beasts of Africa”

Afrotheria

Afrotheria contains clades ____________ and ____________

Afroinsectiphilia Paenungulata

Clade ________________ of Afrotheria contains Orders Tubulindentata, Macroscelidea, and Afrosoricida

Afroinsectiphilia

Family _______________ characteristics:

• proboscis

• Easter, Central, Southern Africa

• large hind limbs

• large ears

• mostly insectivorous

• morphologically convergent with rodents

• ecologically convergent with shrews

• socially monogamous

• maintain intricate trail network

• Sengis and Elephant Shrews

Macroscelididae

Tenerecidae, Potamogalidae, and Chrysochloridae are all members of Order ______________

Afrosoricida

Family _______________ characteristics:

• Restricted to Madagascar

• 31 species, 8 genera

• Highly diverse

• adaptive radiation

Tenrecidae

Family _______________ characteristics:

• Restricted to Congo Basin

• semi aquatic

• endangered

• eats aquatic insects

• poorly studied

• otter shrews

Potamogalidae

Family _______________ characteristics:

• blind

• fossorial

• insectivorous

• soft soil specialists

• daily/seasonal torpor

• convergent with moles

Chrysochloridae

Aardvarks are the monotypic member of Order ________________

Tubulindentata

Family _______________ characteristics:

• Aardvarks

• distributed south of Sahara

• insectivorous (myrmecophagus)

• long sticky tongue

• peg-like teeth

• strong diggers

• claws are nail/hoof-like

Orycteropodidae

Clade _____________ of Afrotheria contains Orders Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidea

Paenungulata

Characteristics of Clade ____________________:

• herbivorous

• hindgut fermenters

• lateral molar progression (mesial drift)

  • Only Proboscidea and Sirenia

• two mammae

• short nails (no claws)

Paenungulata

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

• Contains families Dugongidae (Dugong) and Trichechidae (Manatees)

• marine/aquatic

• only herbivorous marine mammals

• restricted to shallow water

• hind gut fermenters

• horizontal lungs

• lateral molar progression

Sirenia

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

• 5 species

• Hyraxes

• Three hind toes

• glandular pads for climbing

• tree and rock species

• colonial

• upper incisors form tusks

• two large cecum

Hyracoidea

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

• large proboscis

• large ears

• sparsely furred

• fatty cushion on bottom of foot

• lateral molar progression

• elephants

Proboscidea

These characteristics are shared by all ____________

• Refined hands and digits with nails instead of claws

• Binocular stereoscopic vision

• postorbital bar or plate

• long lived, slow reproduction, extended development time relative to body size

• spectrum of social systems

• bunodont molars, large canines, incisors (mostly omnivorous)

• reduced rostrum and sense of smell

• large absolute and relative brain size

Primates

A

Post orbital plate

B

Post Orbital Bar

Order Primates contains 2 suborders: _______________ and ______________

Strepsirhini Haplorhini

Suborder _____________ characteristics:

• post orbital plate

• shorter rostrum

• continuous upper incisors (no gap in middle)

Haplorhini

Suborder _____________ characteristics:

• post orbital bar

• longer rostrum

• gap in upper incisors

Strepsirhini

A is a species from Primate suborder _________________

Strepsirhini

B is a species from Primate suborder _________________

Haplorhini

Tarsiers, Monkeys and Apes are part of suborder

Haplorhini

Lemurs, lorises, and aye-ayes are part of suborder

Strepsirhini

Group containing Monkeys and Apes (excludes Tarsiers)

Simiiformes

Order ____________ characteristics:

• worldwide distribution except Antarctica and N.Z.

• most are born altricial

• single pair of upper/lower incisors

• Diastema

• anterior of incisors coated with enamel, creates chisel shape

• largest mammalian order

Rodentia

A

Protrogomorph

B

Sciuromorph

C

Myomorph

D

Hystricomorph

Species with morphology A

Mountain Beaver

Suborders with morphology B

Sciuromorpha Castoromorpha

Suborder with morphology C

Myomorpha

Suborders with morphology D

Hystricomorpha Anomaluromorpha

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains Beavers, gophers, kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice

Castorimorpha

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings, voles

Myomorpha

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains squirrels, chipmunks, mountain beaver

Sciuromorpha

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains “square-faced rodents” (porcupine)

Hystricomorpha

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares

Anomaluromorpha

A and C mandible morphology

Sciurognathous

B and D mandible morphology

Hystricognathous

__% of Rodentia species are at risk

20

Order __________ characteristics":

• 92 species

• mostly found worldwise (except Australia, N.Z, Antarctica, Philippines, Madagascar)

• Herbivorous and coprophagus

• hindgut fermenters

• second set of incisors behind main set

Lagomorpha

Hares give birth to _______ young

precocial

Pika and rabbits give birth to _______ young

altricial

__% of Lagomorphs are at risk

24

Characteristics of Order ____________:

• 300 species

• all diet types

• highest size diversity of any order

Carnivora

The two Carnivora suborders are: ______________ and ______________

Feliforma Caniforma

Suborder _____________ contains:

• Felidae (cats)

• Hyaenidae (Hyenas)

• Nandiniidae (Palm Civet)

• Viverridae (Civet)

• Prionodontidae (Linsangs)

• Herpestidae (Mongooses)

• Eupleridae (Madagascar Mongooses, fossa)

Feliforma

Suborder _____________ contains:

• Canidae (dogs)

• Ursidae (bears)

• Mustelidae (weasels)

• Procyonidae (raccoons)

• Mephitidae (skunks)

• Ailuridae (red panda)

• Phocidae (earless ‘true’ seals)

• Otariidae (eared seals)

• Odobenidae (walrus)

Caniforma

Family _______ characteristics:

• 2 subfamilies (Pantherinae, Felinae)

• 40 species

• almost global

• obligate carnivores

• stalking/stealth predator

Felidae

Family _______ characteristics:

•13–14 genera
• 33–37 diverse species
• distributed across tropical and subtropical habitats in Africa, Asia and Middle East
• carnivorous, omnivorous, frugivorous, scavengers.
• diurnal or nocturnal
• solitary or social
• terrestrial, semiaquatic, or arboreal
• small to medium body size

Viverridae

Family ______________ characteristics:

• 13–16 genera
• 35–36 species
• Distributed across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
• Small, slender bodies and long tails and snouts
• Inhabit grasslands, savanna, and forested habitats
• Dietary generalists (small vertebrates, insects, vegetation, carrion)
• Solitary or social

Herpestidae

Family _______ characteristics:

• 13 genera
• 37 species
• Most widely distributed family of carnivores; occur on all continents except Antarctica
• Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and gray wolf (Canis lupus) most widely distributed mammal
• Habitats range from hot, dry deserts, grasslands, savannas, forests, arctic ice, to urban landscapes
• Primarily carnivorous but will consume plants, fruits, insects

Canidae

Family ___________ characteristics:

• 6 genera
• 12–14
• restricted to North and South America from Canada to Argentina
• inhabit temperate and tropical forested
• typically have long, bushy tails with alternating light
and dark rings (except in the kinkajou [Potos flavus]), and black facemasks or facial marks.
• least carnivorous of the carnivores; dentition is generalized and adapted for an omnivorous diet

Procyonidae

Group containing:

− Phocidae (earless ‘true’ seals)
− Otariidae (eared seals)
− Odobenidae (walrus)

Pinnipedia

_______________ characteristics:

• Thought to have evolved from an otter-like ancestor
• Short, broad humerus and femur (arrows)
and elongated foot bones for ‘flippers’
• Diet consists of fish, octopus, penguins, and more
• Many threatened by overfishing
• Historically threatened by over hunting; fur/hide, blubber, meat

Pinnipedia

Subfamily _______________ characteristics:

• the “big cats”
• The structure of the larynx enables them to roar

Pantherinae

Subfamily __________ characteristics:

• the “small cats”
• Bony hyoid enables them to purr but not roar

Felinae

Species in subfamily ________________:

• lion

• tiger

• jaguar

• leopard (regular, clouded, snow)

Pantherinae

Species in subfamily _____________:

• Bay cat

• Caracal

• Ocelot

• Lynx

• Puma

• Leopard

• domestic cat

Felinae

These are __________ teeth

carnasial

__________ characteristics:

• Light, streamlined body – for short, explosive bursts of speed (only about 30secs)
• Large nasal passages increased oxygen - due to the smaller size canines
• Enlarged heart and lungs allow enrichment of oxygenated blood
• Tail is a rudder-like means of steering that enables them to make sharp turns, to out- flank antelopes
• The protracted claws increase grip over the ground
• Longer limbs than what is typical for other cats of this size

Cheetah

Superorder ___________ contains Orders Perissodactyla and Cetariodactyla

Euungulata

_____________ characteristics:

• Walk on tips of their toes, which end in
keratinized hoofs
• Reduced number of toes (<5)
• Heel bone (calcaneum, shaded) articulates with the astragalus (a) rather than fibula like in other mammals
• Perissodactyls (odd-toed; 1, 3)
• Cannon bone (b) found in Equidae
• Cetartiodactyls (even-toed; 2, 4)
• Digits 2, 5 are vestigial and form “dew claws”

Ungulate

Order ___________ characteristics:

• Three extant families, ~ 17 species
• Equidae
• Rhinocerotidae
• Tapiridae
• Upper incisors
• Lophodont molars
• Long upper jaw; diastema
• Herbivorous
• Cecal (hindgut) fermentation

Perissodactyla

Family _______ characteristics:

• 7-9 species
• Originated and diversified in Great Basin of North America
• Modern distribution across Africa and Eurasia
• Most species are threatened or endangered

Equidae

Family _________ characteristics:

• 2 genera, 4 species
• Distributed across the tropics of South America and SE Asia
• Inhabit dense forest, mixed feeders
• Proboscis like rostrum
• 4 toes on front foot, 3 toes on back
• all threatened or endangered

Tapiridae

Family _________ characteristics:

• 4 genera, 5 species
• “nose horn”
• Characteristic horn(s) on rostrum, which have no bony core or keratinized sheath, simply a mass of keratinized fibers
• All species threatened or endangered
• Occupy tropical rainforests, floodplains, grasslands, and scrublands

Rhinocerotidae

Family __________ characteristics:

• “Even-toed ungulates”
• 10 extant families
• ~205 species (much more diverse than Perissodactyla)
• Horns and antlers (except Suids, Hippos)
• Mostly ruminants (except Suids)
• No upper incisors (except Suids)
• Distributed globally, except Antarctica and Australia
• Most economically important group of mammals

Cetartiodactyla

Suborder __________ characteristics:

• Largest group of ungulates, 6 families
• Cervidae (deer, moose, elk, caribou)
• Bovidae (sheep, antelope, buffalo)
• Antilocapridae (pronghorn)
• Giraffidae (giraffes)
• Tragulidae (chevrons, mouse deer)
• Moschidae (musk deer)
• All have horns or antlers
• Globally distributed
• Most economically important group
• domestication
• sustenance hunting

Ruminantia

Suborder __________ characteristics:

• Two families
• Pigs/hogs (Suidae) & peccaries (Tayassuidae)
• Most primitive group of ungulates
• Globally distributed except Antartica
• Habitat generalists
• Omnivorous
• Monogastric digestion
• Upper incisors, bunodont molars
• Tusks
• Large litter size

Suina

Suborder ____________ characteristics:

• Camels, alpacas, llamas, guanacos, vicunas
• Three-chambered stomach, “simple ruminants”
• Originated and diversified in Great Basin of North America
• Modern distribution across South American and Eurasian deserts/arid grasslands
• Soft hooves with nails (unlike other ungulates), adaptation for walking in sand, soft surfaces

Tylopoda

Suborder ______________ characteristics:

• “River horse”, aquatic
• Two genera, two species (common hippopotamus, pygmy hippotamus)
• Diverged from cetaceans around 55 mya
• Common hippo ~ 3,000 lb, second largest land mammal after elephants
• Used to be grouped with pigs because bunodont molars
• Herbivorous, feed on land
• Hydrodefecator
• Large tusk-like canines
• Used to be much more speciose

Whippomorpha

Order ______________ characteristics:

• Sister group to family Hippopotamidae
• Transitioned from land to sea during Eocene (50 mya)

• Earliest fossils from Indo-Pakistan region
• Toothed
• Semi-aquatic
• Foraged in shallow water
• Astragalus present in hind limbs

• Fusiform body type
• Dense bones allow for diving
• Blubber
• “Telescoped” skull

Cetacea

Posture similar to reptiles, larger eggs/ovaries, brood patches, and cloaca are all characteristics of:

Monotremes

Reduced pectoral girdle, smaller uteruses, forked genitalia, and pouches are characteristics of:

Marsupials

Orders Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria, Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia are all:

Marsupials

Afroinsectiphilia and Paenungulata are both clades within:

Afrotheria

Orders Macroscelidea, Afrosoricida and Tubulindentata are part of clade:

Afroinsectiphilia

Orders: Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidea are all part of clade:

Paenungulata

Lemurs, aye-ayes, and lorises are all part of suborder:

Strepsirhini