Mammology Exam 3

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__________ characteristics:

  • secretes milk onto brood patch

  • altricial young

  • lays eggs (kept in pouch (echidna) or in burrow (platypus)

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1

__________ characteristics:

  • secretes milk onto brood patch

  • altricial young

  • lays eggs (kept in pouch (echidna) or in burrow (platypus)

Monotreme

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2

__________ characteristics:

  • altricial young

  • young are kept in “marsupium” (pouch)

Marsupial

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3

__________ characteristics:

  • produce young on gradient from altricial to precocial

  • long gestation period relative to lactation period

Placental

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4

Which is more energetically expensive: lactation or gestation?

Lactation

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5
<p>A</p>

A

Early Synapsid

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6
<p>B</p>

B

Monotreme

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7
<p>C</p>

C

Marsupials and Placentals

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8

__________ characteristics:

  • males have venomous spur

  • semi aquatic, semi fossorial

  • insectivores

  • electroreception in bill

Ornithorhynchidae

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9

Platypus belong to family __________

Ornithorhynchidae

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10

__________ characteristics:

  • insectivorous (myrmecophagus)

  • quills

  • electroreception in bill

Tachyglossidae

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11

Echidnas belong to family _________

Tachyglossidae

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12

Platypus and Echidna are __________

Monotremes

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13

Marsupials make up __% of mammals

6

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14

The only marsupial in N. America: ____________

Virginia Opossum

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15

__________ characteristics:

  • found in N. America

  • opposable pollex (thumb)

  • incrassated tail

  • marsupial

Didelphidae

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16
<p>These are all ________</p>

These are all ________

Marsupials

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17

____________ ___________ is when two unrelated species evolve similar characteristics to occupy a similar niche

Convergent Evolution

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18

The “superorder” ___________ means “Beasts of Africa”

Afrotheria

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19

Afrotheria contains clades ____________ and ____________

Afroinsectiphilia Paenungulata

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20

Clade ________________ of Afrotheria contains Orders Tubulindentata, Macroscelidea, and Afrosoricida

Afroinsectiphilia

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21

Family _______________ characteristics:

  • proboscis

  • Easter, Central, Southern Africa

  • large hind limbs

  • large ears

  • mostly insectivorous

  • morphologically convergent with rodents

  • ecologically convergent with shrews

  • socially monogamous

  • maintain intricate trail network

  • Sengis and Elephant Shrews

Macroscelididae

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22

Tenerecidae, Potamogalidae, and Chrysochloridae are all members of Order ______________

Afrosoricida

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23

Family _______________ characteristics:

  • Restricted to Madagascar

  • 31 species, 8 genera

  • Highly diverse

  • adaptive radiation

Tenrecidae

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24

Family _______________ characteristics:

  • Restricted to Congo Basin

  • semi aquatic

  • endangered

  • eats aquatic insects

  • poorly studied

  • otter shrews

Potamogalidae

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25

Family _______________ characteristics:

  • blind

  • fossorial

  • insectivorous

  • soft soil specialists

  • daily/seasonal torpor

  • convergent with moles

Chrysochloridae

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26

Aardvarks are the monotypic member of Order ________________

Tubulindentata

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27

Family _______________ characteristics:

  • Aardvarks

  • distributed south of Sahara

  • insectivorous (myrmecophagus)

  • long sticky tongue

  • peg-like teeth

  • strong diggers

  • claws are nail/hoof-like

Orycteropodidae

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28

Clade _____________ of Afrotheria contains Orders Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidea

Paenungulata

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29

Characteristics of Clade ____________________:

  • herbivorous

  • hindgut fermenters

  • lateral molar progression (mesial drift)

    • Only Proboscidea and Sirenia

  • two mammae

  • short nails (no claws)

Paenungulata

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30

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

  • Contains families Dugongidae (Dugong) and Trichechidae (Manatees)

  • marine/aquatic

  • only herbivorous marine mammals

  • restricted to shallow water

  • hind gut fermenters

  • horizontal lungs

  • lateral molar progression

Sirenia

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31

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

  • 5 species

  • Hyraxes

  • Three hind toes

  • glandular pads for climbing

  • tree and rock species

  • colonial

  • upper incisors form tusks

  • two large cecum

Hyracoidea

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32

Order ___________ of clade Paenungulata characteristics:

  • large proboscis

  • large ears

  • sparsely furred

  • fatty cushion on bottom of foot

  • lateral molar progression

  • elephants

Proboscidea

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33

These characteristics are shared by all ____________

  • Refined hands and digits with nails instead of claws

  • Binocular stereoscopic vision

  • postorbital bar or plate

  • long lived, slow reproduction, extended development time relative to body size

  • spectrum of social systems

  • bunodont molars, large canines, incisors (mostly omnivorous)

  • reduced rostrum and sense of smell

  • large absolute and relative brain size

Primates

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34
<p>A</p>

A

Post orbital plate

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35
<p>B</p>

B

Post Orbital Bar

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36

Order Primates contains 2 suborders: _______________ and ______________

Strepsirhini Haplorhini

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37

Suborder _____________ characteristics:

  • post orbital plate

  • shorter rostrum

  • continuous upper incisors (no gap in middle)

Haplorhini

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38

Suborder _____________ characteristics:

  • post orbital bar

  • longer rostrum

  • gap in upper incisors

Strepsirhini

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39
<p>A is a species from Primate suborder _________________</p>

A is a species from Primate suborder _________________

Strepsirhini

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40
<p>B is a species from Primate suborder _________________</p>

B is a species from Primate suborder _________________

Haplorhini

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41

Tarsiers, Monkeys and Apes are part of suborder

Haplorhini

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42

Lemurs, lorises, and aye-ayes are part of suborder

Strepsirhini

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43

Group containing Monkeys and Apes (excludes Tarsiers)

Simiiformes

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44

Order ____________ characteristics:

  • worldwide distribution except Antarctica and N.Z.

  • most are born altricial

  • single pair of upper/lower incisors

  • Diastema

  • anterior of incisors coated with enamel, creates chisel shape

  • largest mammalian order

Rodentia

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45
<p>A</p>

A

Protrogomorph

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<p>B</p>

B

Sciuromorph

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<p><strong>C</strong></p>

C

Myomorph

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<p>D</p>

D

Hystricomorph

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<p><em>Species</em> with morphology A</p>

Species with morphology A

Mountain Beaver

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<p>Suborders with morphology B</p>

Suborders with morphology B

Sciuromorpha Castoromorpha

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<p>Suborder with morphology C</p>

Suborder with morphology C

Myomorpha

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<p>Suborders with morphology D</p>

Suborders with morphology D

Hystricomorpha Anomaluromorpha

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53

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains Beavers, gophers, kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice

Castorimorpha

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54

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings, voles

Myomorpha

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55

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains squirrels, chipmunks, mountain beaver

Sciuromorpha

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56

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains “square-faced rodents” (porcupine)

Hystricomorpha

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57

Rodentia suborder ____________ contains scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares

Anomaluromorpha

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<p>A and C mandible morphology</p>

A and C mandible morphology

Sciurognathous

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<p>B and D mandible morphology</p>

B and D mandible morphology

Hystricognathous

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60

__% of Rodentia species are at risk

20

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61

Order __________ characteristics":

  • 92 species

  • mostly found worldwise (except Australia, N.Z, Antarctica, Philippines, Madagascar)

  • Herbivorous and coprophagus

  • hindgut fermenters

  • second set of incisors behind main set

Lagomorpha

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62

Hares give birth to _______ young

precocial

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63

Pika and rabbits give birth to _______ young

altricial

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64

__% of Lagomorphs are at risk

24

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65

Characteristics of Order ____________:

  • 300 species

  • all diet types

  • highest size diversity of any order

Carnivora

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66

The two Carnivora suborders are: ______________ and ______________

Feliforma Caniforma

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67

Suborder _____________ contains:

  • Felidae (cats)

  • Hyaenidae (Hyenas)

  • Nandiniidae (Palm Civet)

  • Viverridae (Civet)

  • Prionodontidae (Linsangs)

  • Herpestidae (Mongooses)

  • Eupleridae (Madagascar Mongooses, fossa)

Feliforma

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68

Suborder _____________ contains:

  • Canidae (dogs)

  • Ursidae (bears)

  • Mustelidae (weasels)

  • Procyonidae (raccoons)

  • Mephitidae (skunks)

  • Ailuridae (red panda)

  • Phocidae (earless ‘true’ seals)

  • Otariidae (eared seals)

  • Odobenidae (walrus)

Caniforma

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69

Family _______ characteristics:

  • 2 subfamilies (Pantherinae, Felinae)

  • 40 species

  • almost global

  • obligate carnivores

  • stalking/stealth predator

Felidae

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70

Family _______ characteristics:

•13–14 genera
• 33–37 diverse species
• distributed across tropical and subtropical habitats in Africa, Asia and Middle East
• carnivorous, omnivorous, frugivorous, scavengers.
• diurnal or nocturnal
• solitary or social
• terrestrial, semiaquatic, or arboreal
• small to medium body size

Viverridae

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71

Family ______________ characteristics:

• 13–16 genera
• 35–36 species
• Distributed across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
• Small, slender bodies and long tails and snouts
• Inhabit grasslands, savanna, and forested habitats
• Dietary generalists (small vertebrates, insects, vegetation, carrion)
• Solitary or social

Herpestidae

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72

Family _______ characteristics:

• 13 genera
• 37 species
• Most widely distributed family of carnivores; occur on all continents except Antarctica
• Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and gray wolf (Canis lupus) most widely distributed mammal
• Habitats range from hot, dry deserts, grasslands, savannas, forests, arctic ice, to urban landscapes
• Primarily carnivorous but will consume plants, fruits, insects

Canidae

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73

Family ___________ characteristics:

• 6 genera
• 12–14
• restricted to North and South America from Canada to Argentina
• inhabit temperate and tropical forested
• typically have long, bushy tails with alternating light
and dark rings (except in the kinkajou [Potos flavus]), and black facemasks or facial marks.
• least carnivorous of the carnivores; dentition is generalized and adapted for an omnivorous diet

Procyonidae

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74

Group containing:

− Phocidae (earless ‘true’ seals)
− Otariidae (eared seals)
− Odobenidae (walrus)

Pinnipedia

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75

_______________ characteristics:

• Thought to have evolved from an otter-like ancestor
• Short, broad humerus and femur (arrows)
and elongated foot bones for ‘flippers’
• Diet consists of fish, octopus, penguins, and more
• Many threatened by overfishing
• Historically threatened by over hunting; fur/hide, blubber, meat

Pinnipedia

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76

Subfamily _______________ characteristics:

• the “big cats”
• The structure of the larynx enables them to roar

Pantherinae

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77

Subfamily __________ characteristics:

• the “small cats”
• Bony hyoid enables them to purr but not roar

Felinae

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78

Species in subfamily ________________:

  • lion

  • tiger

  • jaguar

  • leopard (regular, clouded, snow)

Pantherinae

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79

Species in subfamily _____________:

  • Bay cat

  • Caracal

  • Ocelot

  • Lynx

  • Puma

  • Leopard

  • domestic cat

Felinae

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80
<p>These are __________ teeth</p>

These are __________ teeth

carnasial

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81

__________ characteristics:

• Light, streamlined body – for short, explosive bursts of speed (only about 30secs)
• Large nasal passages increased oxygen - due to the smaller size canines
• Enlarged heart and lungs allow enrichment of oxygenated blood
• Tail is a rudder-like means of steering that enables them to make sharp turns, to out- flank antelopes
• The protracted claws increase grip over the ground
• Longer limbs than what is typical for other cats of this size

Cheetah

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82

Superorder ___________ contains Orders Perissodactyla and Cetariodactyla

Euungulata

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83

_____________ characteristics:

• Walk on tips of their toes, which end in
keratinized hoofs
• Reduced number of toes (<5)
• Heel bone (calcaneum, shaded) articulates with the astragalus (a) rather than fibula like in other mammals
• Perissodactyls (odd-toed; 1, 3)
• Cannon bone (b) found in Equidae
• Cetartiodactyls (even-toed; 2, 4)
• Digits 2, 5 are vestigial and form “dew claws”

Ungulate

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84

Order ___________ characteristics:

• Three extant families, ~ 17 species
• Equidae
• Rhinocerotidae
• Tapiridae
• Upper incisors
• Lophodont molars
• Long upper jaw; diastema
• Herbivorous
• Cecal (hindgut) fermentation

Perissodactyla

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85

Family _______ characteristics:

• 7-9 species
• Originated and diversified in Great Basin of North America
• Modern distribution across Africa and Eurasia
• Most species are threatened or endangered

Equidae

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86

Family _________ characteristics:

• 2 genera, 4 species
• Distributed across the tropics of South America and SE Asia
• Inhabit dense forest, mixed feeders
• Proboscis like rostrum
• 4 toes on front foot, 3 toes on back
• all threatened or endangered

Tapiridae

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87

Family _________ characteristics:

• 4 genera, 5 species
• “nose horn”
• Characteristic horn(s) on rostrum, which have no bony core or keratinized sheath, simply a mass of keratinized fibers
• All species threatened or endangered
• Occupy tropical rainforests, floodplains, grasslands, and scrublands

Rhinocerotidae

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88

Family __________ characteristics:

• “Even-toed ungulates”
• 10 extant families
• ~205 species (much more diverse than Perissodactyla)
• Horns and antlers (except Suids, Hippos)
• Mostly ruminants (except Suids)
• No upper incisors (except Suids)
• Distributed globally, except Antarctica and Australia
• Most economically important group of mammals

Cetartiodactyla

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89

Suborder __________ characteristics:

• Largest group of ungulates, 6 families
• Cervidae (deer, moose, elk, caribou)
• Bovidae (sheep, antelope, buffalo)
• Antilocapridae (pronghorn)
• Giraffidae (giraffes)
• Tragulidae (chevrons, mouse deer)
• Moschidae (musk deer)
• All have horns or antlers
• Globally distributed
• Most economically important group
• domestication
• sustenance hunting

Ruminantia

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90

Suborder __________ characteristics:

• Two families
• Pigs/hogs (Suidae) & peccaries (Tayassuidae)
• Most primitive group of ungulates
• Globally distributed except Antartica
• Habitat generalists
• Omnivorous
• Monogastric digestion
• Upper incisors, bunodont molars
• Tusks
• Large litter size

Suina

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Suborder ____________ characteristics:

• Camels, alpacas, llamas, guanacos, vicunas
• Three-chambered stomach, “simple ruminants”
• Originated and diversified in Great Basin of North America
• Modern distribution across South American and Eurasian deserts/arid grasslands
• Soft hooves with nails (unlike other ungulates), adaptation for walking in sand, soft surfaces

Tylopoda

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92

Suborder ______________ characteristics:

• “River horse”, aquatic
• Two genera, two species (common hippopotamus, pygmy hippotamus)
• Diverged from cetaceans around 55 mya
• Common hippo ~ 3,000 lb, second largest land mammal after elephants
• Used to be grouped with pigs because bunodont molars
• Herbivorous, feed on land
• Hydrodefecator
• Large tusk-like canines
• Used to be much more speciose

Whippomorpha

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93

Order ______________ characteristics:

• Sister group to family Hippopotamidae
• Transitioned from land to sea during Eocene (50 mya)

• Earliest fossils from Indo-Pakistan region
• Toothed
• Semi-aquatic
• Foraged in shallow water
• Astragalus present in hind limbs

• Fusiform body type
• Dense bones allow for diving
• Blubber
• “Telescoped” skull

Cetacea

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94

Posture similar to reptiles, larger eggs/ovaries, brood patches, and cloaca are all characteristics of:

Monotremes

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95

Reduced pectoral girdle, smaller uteruses, forked genitalia, and pouches are characteristics of:

Marsupials

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96

Orders Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria, Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia are all:

Marsupials

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97

Afroinsectiphilia and Paenungulata are both clades within:

Afrotheria

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98

Orders Macroscelidea, Afrosoricida and Tubulindentata are part of clade:

Afroinsectiphilia

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99

Orders: Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidea are all part of clade:

Paenungulata

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100

Lemurs, aye-ayes, and lorises are all part of suborder:

Strepsirhini

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