AP US History Ultimate Study Guide (copy)

Roger Williams

__, a minister in Salem Bay settlement, taught that church and state should be separate.

Columbus arrival

__ initiated a long period of European expansion and colonialism in the Americas.

Virginia Company

In 1618, the __ introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and addressing the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming.

Colombus

In August of 1492, __ used three caravels, supplied and funded by the Spanish crown, to set sail toward India.

Anne Hutchinson

__ was a woman in a resolutely patriarchal society which turned many against her.

Native Americans

__ had their own complex societies, cultures, and religions.

Indian War

French played a significant role in the French and __ (1754- 1763) but overall had a much lighter impact on native peoples compared to Spanish and English.

1619

In __, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property- holding, white male could vote.

North America

__ was populated by Native Americans, not to be confused with native- born Americans.

1620

In __, Separatists set sail for Virginia on the Mayflower, but went off course and landed in modern- day Massachusetts.

New England

Slavery was rare in __, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

English

Intermarriage was common between Spanish and French settlers and the natives in their colonized territories (though rare among __ and Dutch settlers)

middle leg

Was the __ of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa.

South Carolina

__ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

English Calvinists

__ led a Protestant movement called Puritanism in the 16th century.

Intercontinental trade

__ became more organized with the creation of joint- stock companies, corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America.

Roman Catholic Church

The __ was the dominant religious institution in western Europe.

Jamestown

__ was funded by a joint- stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.

colony

A(n) __ is a territory settled and controlled by a foreign power.

Spain

Englands first attempt to settle North America came a year prior to its victory over __, in 1587, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island (now part of North Carolina)

Anne Hutchinson

__, a prominent proponent of antinomianism, banished for challenging Puritan beliefs and authority of Puritan clergy.

North America

__ was home to hundreds of tribes, cities and societies.

1619

__ also marks the introduction of slavery to the English colonies.

Old World to New World

horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes

New World to Old World

corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes

1691

In __, Massachusetts became a royal colony under new monarchs, suffrage was extended to all Protestants.

Slavery

__ played a major role on plantations, but majority of Southerners were subsistence farmers.

Penn

__ made a treaty with the Delawares to take only as much land as could be walked by a man in three days.

North American continent

Colonies on the __ were seen primarily as markets for British and West Indian goods, but also as sources of raw materials.

New England

Slavery was rare in __, but farms in middle and southern colonies were much larger, requiring large numbers of enslaved Africans.

South Carolina

__ had a larger proportion of enslaved Africans than European settlers.

England

__ regulated trade and government in its colonies but interfered in colonial affairs as little as possible.

Charles II of England

In 1664, __ waged war against the Dutch Republic and captured New Netherland.

Molasses Act

__ of 1733, imposed an exorbitant tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies.

Governor

__ had powers similar to the king, but also dependent on colonial legislatures for money.

Autonomy

__ allowed eased transition to independence in following century.

William Penn

__, a Quaker, received colony as a gift from King Charles II.

Dutch Republic

__ was largest commercial power of the century and economic rival of the British.

Navigation

__ Acts passed between 1651 and 1673, required colonists to buy goods only from England, sell certain of their products only to England, and import non- English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports.

College of William

__ and Mary was chartered in the South in 1693.

Arrival of settlers

__ from Barbados marked the beginning of the slave era in the colonies.

West Indies

Colonies were important mostly for economic reasons, which is why the British considered their colonies in the __ more important than their colonies on the North American continent.

Nathaniel Bacon

__, a recent immigrant, rallied the farmers and demanded Governor William Berkeley grant him authority to raise a militia and attack nearby tribes.

Edwards

__ preached severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism.

Navigation Acts

__ also prohibited the colonies from manufacturing a number of goods that England already produced.

Slavery

__ and tobacco played a larger role in the Chesapeake than in the middle colonies.

Penn

__ established liberal policies towards religious freedom and civil liberties.

Literacy rates

__ in New England were higher due to the Puritan legacy of teaching children to read the Bible.

John Adams

__ defended the soldiers in court, helping to establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all who are accused.

Colonial newspapers

__ discuss ways to alter relationship between mother country and colonies.

William Pitt

__, the English Prime Minister during the war, was supportive of the colonists and encouraged them to join the war effort.

Franco American Alliance

__, negotiated by Ben Franklin in 1778, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists.

political activity

Women were largely excluded from __ but had an important civil role and responsibility.

Jefferson

The animosity between __ and Hamilton and the growing belligerence between the Federalists and Democratic- Republicans set the ugly, divisive tone for Adamss term.

Hamilton

__ (broad constructionist) argued bank implied power of government and not explicitly forbidden by Constitution.

Adams

__ sent three diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations even to begin.

George III

__ replaced Prime Minister Grenville with Lord Rockingham, who had opposed the Stamp Act.

New England

Patriots were mostly white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans, especially in __.

Sugar Act

The __ actually lowered the duty on molasses coming into the colonies from the West Indies.

Mississippi Valley

The treaty gave England control of Canada and almost everything east of the __.

George Washington

__ led a colonial contingent, which attacked a French outpost and lost.

English settlers

The war was the inevitable result of colonial expansion, where __ moved into the Ohio Valley, and the French tried to stop them by building fortified outposts.

Quebec Act

__ (grants greater liberties to Catholics, extends boundaries of Quebec Territory) further impeding westward expansion, causing further dissatisfaction among colonists.

Revolutionary War

The __ became a war for independence with the signing of the Declaration.

American history

The Declaration has been considered as a seminal document in __, and has been a source of inspiration for movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Alexander Hamilton

__ was concerned about no uniform commercial policy and fear for the survival of the new republic.

Federalists

_ who supported ratification of the Constitution are often the same people as _ who favored strong federal government.

Financial plan

__ called for federal government to assume states 'debts, repay by giving debt holders land on western frontier.

Public virtue

__ had been a strictly masculine quality in the past, private virtue emerged as a very important quality for women.

Indian War

Also called the French and __, it was actually one of several "wars for empire "fought between the British and the French.

Sugar Act

__, Currency Act, and Proclamation of 1763 caused a great deal of discontent in the colonies.

Goal

enumerate American grievances, develop strategy for addressing grievances, formulate colonial position on relationship between royal government and colonial governments

Three branches of government

executive, legislative, judicial

Polk administration

__ settled territorial dispute by signing treaty with England.

Great disparity

__ in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Horace Mann

__ was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Cult of domesticity

__, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

William Crawford

__ suffered a stroke after the initial election and was not a real contender for the House vote.

Andrew Jackson

__ received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority.

Industrialization

__ resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, __, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Adams

The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the __ administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Mexico

__ declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Steamships

__ replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Jefferson

__ sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Power loom

__ in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Inventions of steam

__ engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

Telegraph

__ allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

Midwest

Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and __, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

1824

Jackson's campaign for presidency in __ was vicious, with surrogates accusing opponents of corruption and misconduct.

social life

Family and church played a dominant role in __, as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

Fur trading

_ was another common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, with _ often being the first pioneers in a region.

early 19th century

Growth of American economy in __ brought about numerous social changes.

19th century

The __ saw the beginnings of true social reform in the United States, with many social reform movements growing out of the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival.

northeastern economy

Farming played less of a role in __ than elsewhere in the country.

Westward migration

__ brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Tecumseh

__ unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Cotton gin

__ and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Manifest Destiny

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's __.

Jackson

In 1828, __ won the election by a large margin and became the first president who wasn't born in Virginia or named Adams.