Lecture 1- Foundations and Introduction to Anatomy

Exam 1 Material

Anatomy

the study of internal and external body structures and relationships between them

Physiology

study of how the body functions

Microscopic anatomy

the study of structures that can’t be seen w/o magnification

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

cells make tissues which make organs

what is the relationship of microscopic anatomy to gross anatomy

gross anatomy

The study of structures that can be seen without magnification

surface anatomy

study of general anatomical form, or morphology; refers to the superficial anatomical markings

regional anatomy

refers to all structures in a specific area of the body

systemic anatomy

study of the organ systems in the body

developmental anatomy

examines structural changes over time

embrology

the study of early developmental changes

comparative anatomy

Considers anatomical similarities and differences in different types of animals

Clinical Anatomy

Studies anatomical changes that occur during pathological illnesses

surgical anatomy

Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

radiographic anatomy

Using x-rays or ultrasound scans to study anatomy

cross-sectional anatomy

Using radiographic techniques (CT, MRI, and spiral scans) to study cross sections of the body

chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

list the levels of anatomical organizations from smallest to largest

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

what 4 elements make up 99 percent of the body?

water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

what 4 major classes of compounds are found in the body?

cellular level

-The smallest living organizational unit in the body
• Consists of organelles

tissue level

made up of many cells and some surrounding material

epithelial, muscular, connective, neural

4 tissue types found in the human body

organ level

combination of tissues

organ system level

Combination of various organs

11

how many organ systems make up the human body?

responsiveness, reproduction, growth/differentiation, movement, metabolism, excretion

what vital functions do the organ systems of the human body carry out?

anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules

cataboliam

the breakdown of complex molecules

absorption

the process of bringing material into the body.

respiration

the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

excretion

the removal of waste

latin and greek

what types of words are the basis of most anatomical terms?

superficial anatomy

what are anatomical landmarks, anatomical regions, and anatomical directions part of?

Sectional anatomy

Electronic imaging allow us to see inside the body. Key to illustrate the anatomy of 3D objects.

standing with feet flat on the floor, hands at side, palms facing forward

what is the anatomical position?

supine

lying down (face up) in the anatomical position

prone

lying down (face down) in the anatomical position

abdominopelvic quadrants

The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four sections called _____________

abdominopelvic regions

The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine sections called _____________

liver, gallbladder, right kidney

What is found in the RUQ

Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary or spermatic cord

what is found in the RLQ

stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen

What is found in the LUQ

left ureter, left ovary or spermatic cord

what is found in the LLQ?

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right hypochondriac, left lumbar, right inguinal

name the six numbered abdominopelvic regions

medial

located towards the midline

lateral

located away from the midline

proximal

located towards an attached base

distal

located away from an attached base

cranial

toward the head

caudal

downward towards the tail or coccyx

anterior

refers to the abdominal side of the human body

ventral

the abdominal side in non-humans, equivalent to anterior

dorsal

the back side in non-humans, equivalent to posterior

posterior

the backside of the human body

sagittal plane

Separates the tissue/body into left and right sections

midsagittal

plane that separates equal left and right sections

parasagittal

a parallel section to the midline

transverse plane

Separates the tissue/body into upper and lower sections

frontal plane

Separates the tissue/body into anterior and posterior sections

serial reconstruction

A series of sections at small intervals

diaphragm muscle

what separate the abdominal and thoracic cavities?

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what are the two major divisions of the anterior body cavity?

pleural and pericardial cavities

what makes up the thoracic cavity?

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity

what makes up the abdominopelvic cavity?

cranial and spinal cavities

what makes up the posterior cavity?

visceral layer

inner membrane layer that lines organs

parietal layer

outer membrane layer that lines cavities

clinical anatomy

Which specialty focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness?
• comparative anatomy
• developmental anatomy
• clinical anatomy
• radiographic anatomy

microscopic anatomy

The study of anatomy that cannot be seen without magnification is _____.

• regional anatomy
• pathological anatomy
• gross anatomy
• microscopic anatomy

organ system level

The “lymphatic” level is representative of which level of organization?
• tissue level
• organ system level
• organ level
• cellular level

nervous system

Which organ system directs immediate responses to environmental stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other systems?
• lymphatic system
• endocrine system
• nervous system
• muscular system

patella

What is the anatomical term for the anterior region of the knee?
• popliteal
• patella
• sura
• crus

femoral

Which of the following anatomical landmarks is the most proximal of those listed?
• tarsal
• crural
• patellar
• femoral

mediastinum

What is the name of the region located between the right and left lungs?
• pleural cavity
• mediastinum
• epigastric
• thoracic cavity

right lower quadrant

The appendix is located in the _____.
• right upper quadrant
• right lower quadrant
• left upper quadrant
• left lower quadrant