Biology T2 Y10

What is mitosis?

cell division

What is mitosis for?

growth and repair of an individual

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes

Mitosis turns _ cell into _ cells

1-->2

in Mitosis, name the original cells (before mitosis) and the resulting cells, are the identical?

Parent cell, daughter cells, genetically identical to each other

What does the cell cycle represent

the growth and division of cells

What is the phase during the growth of cells where cells do not divide, what occurs during this phase?

interphase, the growth and copying of DNA

Who do cells need to copy its DNA before dividing?

Because every daughter cell needs its own copy to grow and function

what is a Karyotype?

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

What can you tell about an individual using a Karyotype?

abnormalities derived form chromosome abnormalities, sex of an individual

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

What three things are determined by the genetic info in DNA?

How an organism develops, how each cell reacts to each other, what structures will form

What are the building blocks of life?

Amino Acids

recite the flow chart of how an organism is made up (small to large)

Amino acids construct proteins which make up cells to form tissue which is a part of organs which make up organisms

Describe the structure of DNA

double helix, like a twisted ladder with each rung being a base pair

What four common chemicals can be found in every organisms gene

adenine (A) , thymine (T) guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

What base pairs are formed within DNA

adenine (A) and thymine (T) join together - A-T

guanine (G) and cytosine (C) join together - G-C

What is a gene?

A specific segment of DNA with a unique combination of base pairs that construct a unique protein

Can genes be passed on from one generation to the next?

Yes.

Allele

different versions of the same gene, e.g eye colour

Allosomes and what possible pairs?

sex chromosomes (1 pair-XX and XY)

Chromosomes

tightly coiled strands of DNA

Autosomes

non-sex chromosomes 22xpairs

Trisomy

3 chromosomes in a pair

monosomy

a single chromosome in a pair

Flow chart for the production of cells, describe what happens

DNA makes partial genetic code with one side-->RNA travels outside nucleus to ribosome-->Ribosome reads codons to produce specific amino acids-->protein-->form cell

What is a Codon?

a three base sequence on RNA that codes for an amino acid

What is the formula to calculate all possible permutations?

P(permutations)=L(number of objects)^S(how many in each group)

How to determine sequences are code for the same protein?

If the sequence shares the same letter representation of amino acids as another

What is the structure of DNA, NOT DOUBLE HELIX

-composed of polynucleotides -- have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)

What is RNA

ribonucleic acid with a single strand helix structure

difference between DNA and RNA

single vs double helix structure

uracil vs thymine

RNA able to leave nucleus

Why does Adenine go to thymine and cytosine go to guanine and vice versa?

their structure and shapes most easily fit together

describe the process of transcription

RNA polymerase 'unzips' DNA (of a gene) to let rRNA to be coded, codes the opposite of the nucleic acid along the gene.

Describe the process of translation

mRNA travels out of nucleus to ribosome, codons clings to specific tRNA (which clings with amino acid) to produce amino acid by coding the opposite on mRNA (back to original) which produces amino acids to eventually form a protein

What are somatic cells?

your body cells- the cells that make up your tissue and organs

functions of proteins (acronym)

SHITSME, structure, hormones, immunity, transport, sensory, movement, enzymes

what are mutations?

any change in the genetic sequence of an organism, a nucleotide can be swapped, deleted or added

Gene mutations can be…

Spontaneous - (error-natural), internal

Induced - exposure to mutagens

what are mutagens and examples:

physicial or chemical agents that cause mutations through altering DNA, Radiation (UV), Chemicals (Nitrate), infectious agents (HPV)

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell?

23 chromosomes

homologuous chromosomes have… is one each obtained by one parent?

two chromosomes containing copies of the same genes in the same locations, parents give one in a pair

homozygous

Two of the same alleles for a trait (blue + blue)

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (blue + brown)

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

dominant allele

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

The inheritance of a recessive trait occurs only when

each parent contributes one allele for the trait

You have a __% chance to pass on either recessive or dominant (heterozygous)

50%

How to construct Punnett squares

each parent allele genotype on both axis, 4 squares, each square has equal chance

Males can't be carriers of sex-linked disorders because…

they only have one x chromosome

alleles are assigned to which chromosome in sex-linked inheritance?

the x chromosome

for non sex-linked inheritance, each parent has a __ possibility for handing a recessive gene when: both parents are carriers, when one parent is, when none are

50%, 50%, 0%

What is used to display genetic patterns in a tree

a pedigree is used

What symbols in a pedigree are males, and females, affected and unaffected

males are square, females are spheres, affected=coloured in, non-affected=not coloured in

what is point mutation?

a change in a single base pair in DNA

What is insertion mutation?

the addition of a base, causing shift in framework

What is deletion mutation?

the removal of a base, causing a shift in framework

How to determine how many chromosomes in a somatic and gamete

number of chromosomes on a karyotype=23=amount of chromosomes in a gamete= to the amount of PAIRS of chromosomes in a somatic cell