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Peritoneum

The serous thin membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually caused by infection as a result of peritoneal dialysis, rupture, or perforation.

Abdominal Organs

Organs located within the abdominal cavity, including the cecum, vermiform appendix, uterus, ovaries, gallbladder, bile duct, kidney, transverse colon, ascending colon, spleen, pancreas, descending colon, small intestine, rectum, bladder, anus, and stomach.

Epigastric

The area between the costal margins in the midline of the abdomen.

Umbilical Region

The area around the umbilicus.

Flanks

The sides of the abdomen.

Suprapubic Region or Hypogastric Region

The area above the pubic bone, near the bladder.

Hematochezia

The presence of frank red blood in the stool, usually due to lower gastrointestinal bleeding or localized rectal bleeding.

Melena

Black, tarry stool caused by upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Steatorrhea

Oily, fatty stools due to malabsorption of fat, often seen in conditions such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, and appendicitis.

Clay and Gray Stool

Commonly seen with liver issues, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Dyschezia

Pain or difficulty with defecation.

PICA

Eating nonedible foods, commonly seen in infants.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing, often occurs with disorders of the throat or esophagus.

Pyrosis

Heartburn, a burning sensation in the esophagus and stomach, caused by reflux of gastric acid.

Eructation

Belching or burping, common with reflux.

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in the abdomen, often seen in conditions such as liver cirrhosis, heart failure, portal hypertension, cancer, and hepatitis.

Hernia

Intestines poking through the muscle, resulting in a bulge in the abdomen.

Inspect

The first step in the physical examination of the abdomen, observing the general behavior, position, and appearance of the abdomen.

Auscultate

The second step in the physical examination of the abdomen, listening for bowel sounds using a stethoscope.

Percuss

The third step in the physical examination of the abdomen, tapping on the abdomen to assess the density of underlying structures.

Palpate

The final step in the physical examination of the abdomen, using hands to feel for any abnormalities or tenderness.

Umbilicus

The midline and inverted area of the abdomen.

Cullen's sign

Bluish periumbilical color that occurs rarely with intraperitoneal bleeding.

Striae

Stretch marks or scars that may be present on the abdomen.

Symmetry

Assessing for any masses or irregularities on both sides of the abdomen.

Contour

Inspecting the shape of the abdomen, such as flat, rounded, scaphoid, or protuberant.

Pulsations

Visible waves of peristalsis or the presence of the abdominal aorta.

Bowel sounds

The sounds produced by the movement of the intestines, which can be normoactive, hypoactive, or hyperactive.

Gastroenteritis

Also known as "stomach flu," it is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity.

Ileus

Lack of movement in the intestine, often occurring post-operatively and can lead to obstruction.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of the diverticula, small pouches that can form in the lining of the intestine.

Auscultation

Using a stethoscope to listen for bowel sounds, vascular sounds, and other abdominal sounds.

Bruit

Abnormal sounds heard over blood vessels, indicating stenosis or aneurysm.

Venous hum

A rare sound heard in the periumbilical region, indicating portal hypertension or cirrhosis.

Peritoneal friction rub

A sound indicating peritoneal inflammation.

Percussion

Tapping on the abdomen to assess for areas of tympany or dullness.

Fist percussion

A technique used to assess for kidney inflammation or stones by thumping the costovertebral angle.

Palpation

Using hands to feel for tenderness, masses, or distention in the abdomen.

Guarding

Involuntary or voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles, indicating inflammation or peritonitis.

Liver

The organ located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, normally smooth, firm, and non-tender.

Gallbladder

Normally not palpable, but if felt, it may indicate enlargement.

Spleen

Normally not palpable, but can enlarge with certain conditions such as mononucleosis or trauma.

Rebound tenderness (Blumberg sign)

Pain upon removal of pressure, indicating peritonitis or appendicitis.

Iliopsoas muscle test

Raising the right leg to test for pain in the right lower quadrant, suggesting appendicitis.

Murphy's sign

Inspiratory arrest and pain upon palpation of the gallbladder, indicating cholecystitis.

Protuberant abdomen

Normal in infants and children due to underdeveloped muscles.

Diastasis recti

Separation of the rectus muscles with a visible bulge along the midline, common in infants and may resolve over time.

Meconium

The first dark black-green sticky stool passed by infants in the first few days.

Gastrocolic reflex

Strong reflex in infants that stimulates bowel movements after feeding.

Pyrosis

Heartburn, often experienced during pregnancy.

GI motility

Decreases in the aging adult, leading to constipation and hemorrhoids.

Abdominal fat accumulation

The accumulation of fat in the midsection of the abdomen.

Salivation decreases

A decrease in the production of saliva.

Decreased gastric acid secretion

A reduction in the production of gastric acid in the stomach.

Altered Vit B12 absorption

Changes in the absorption of Vitamin B12.

Pernicious anemia

Anemia caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B12.

Iron deficiency anemia

Anemia caused by a deficiency of iron.

Malabsorption of calcium

The inability to absorb calcium properly.

Constipation

Difficulty in passing stools, characterized by less than 3 bowel movements per week.

Straining

Exerting excessive effort during bowel movements.

Lumpy hard stool

Stool that is hard and formed into lumps.

Bowel obstruction

Blockage in the intestines that prevents the passage of stool.

Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

The flow of gastric secretions from the stomach into the esophagus.

Regurgitation

The flow of stomach contents back into the mouth.

Burning retrosternal chest pain

Pain behind the breastbone that is burning in nature.

Peptic ulcer disease

Ulcers that occur in the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

Duodenal ulcer

An ulcer in the duodenum, characterized by abdominal pain on the right side that improves with food.

Gastric ulcer

An ulcer in the stomach, often caused by stress or certain medications.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix.

N&V

Nausea and vomiting.

RLQ pain

Pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

RUQ pain

Pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

Murphy sign

Inspiratory arrest during deep breath due to pain in the right upper quadrant.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of the diverticula in the large intestine.

Ulcerative colitis

Inflammation of the colon, characterized by profuse bloody, mucous diarrhea.

Crohn's disease

Inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually due to infection or injury.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Dilation of the abdominal aorta caused by weakening of its wall.

Bruit

Abnormal sound heard during auscultation, often indicating turbulent blood flow.

Thorax

The chest cavity.

Lungs

The organs responsible for respiration.

Trachea

The windpipe, which carries air to and from the lungs.

Bronchi

The main air passages that branch off from the trachea.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Suprasternal notch

The hollow area above the sternum.

Angle of Louis

The junction between the manubrium and sternum, where the trachea bifurcates.

Intercostal space

The space between two ribs.

Costal angle

The intersection of the costal margins, where the ribs meet.

Lobes of the lungs

The different sections of the lungs.

Apices

The top portion of the lungs.

RUL

Right upper lobe of the lungs.

RML

Right middle lobe of the lungs.

ICS

Intercostal space.

Posterior

Located at the back, specifically referring to the area between the T3 and T10 vertebrae.

LUL

Anterior:Located at the upper left side of the chest, specifically referring to the area above the clavicle down to the 4th intercostal space.

LLL

Posterior:Located at the lower left side of the chest, specifically referring to the area between the T3 and T10 vertebrae.