carbohydrates- Monosaccharides and Disaccharides (Vocabulary)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key carbohydrate terms and their definitions based on the notes.

Monosaccharide

The simplest carbohydrate unit; glucose is an example.

Glucose

A monosaccharide; a hexose or six carbon sugar essential in metabolism.

Hexose

A six carbon monosaccharide; examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.

Fructose

A hexose that exists in linear and cyclic forms.

Galactose

A hexose monosaccharide commonly found in lactose-bearing disaccharides.

Mannose

A hexose monosaccharide included among common hexoses.

Pentose

A five carbon monosaccharide; examples include xylose and arabinose.

Xylose

A pentose sugar used in carbohydrate tests.

Arabinose

A pentose sugar used in carbohydrate tests.

Ribose

A five carbon sugar that is a component of RNA and nucleic acids.

Deoxyribose

A five carbon sugar that is a component of DNA; lacks one oxygen compared to ribose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules; formed by dehydration synthesis.

Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; the sugar found in milk.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; common table sugar.

Starch

A polysaccharide made of glucose units; it can break down to maltose and other glucose-containing units.